Drug Information
| Interaction between the Drug and Microbe | Top | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Metabolism of Drug Affected by Studied Microbe(s) | ||||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Bacteroidales | ||||
|
Studied Microbe: Bacteroides
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Microbial Enzyme | Beta glucuronidase | |||
| Metabolic Reaction | Hydrolysis | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase toxicity | |||
| Description | Ketoprofen can be metabolized by the beta glucuronidase of Bacteroides through hydrolysis, which results in the increase of the drug's toxicity. | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Bifidobacteriales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Bifidobacterium
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|
[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Microbial Enzyme | Beta glucuronidase | |||
| Metabolic Reaction | Hydrolysis | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase toxicity | |||
| Description | Ketoprofen can be metabolized by the beta glucuronidase of Bifidobacterium through hydrolysis, which results in the increase of the drug's toxicity. | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Eubacteriales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Clostridium
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|
[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Microbial Enzyme | Beta glucuronidase | |||
| Metabolic Reaction | Hydrolysis | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase toxicity | |||
| Description | Ketoprofen can be metabolized by the beta glucuronidase of Clostridium through hydrolysis, which results in the increase of the drug's toxicity. | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Gut microbiota | ||||
| Studied Microbe: Gut microbiota unspecific | [6], [7], [8] | |||
| Metabolic Reaction | Deglucuronidation | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase side effect (diarrhea | |||
| Description | Ketoprofen can be metabolized by gut microbiota through deglucuronidation, which results in the increase of the drug's side effect (diarrhea; bowel distress; gastrointestinal lesions). | |||
| Target and Pathway | Top | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target(s) | Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (COX-2) | Target Info | Inhibitor | [9] |
| References | Top | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| REF 1 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 4795). | |||
| REF 2 | FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 073516. | |||
| REF 3 | Ketoprofen-induced cyclooxygenase inhibition in renal medulla and platelets of rats treated with caffeine. Pharmacology. 2001;63(4):234-9. | |||
| REF 4 | Synthesis and biological testing of Acyl-CoA-ketoprofen conjugates as selective irreversible inhibitors of COX-2. Bioorg Med Chem. 2002 Mar;10(3):753-7. | |||
| REF 5 | Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) | |||
| REF 6 | Gut microbiota modulates drug pharmacokinetics. Drug Metab Rev. 2018 Aug;50(3):357-368. | |||
| REF 7 | Gut microbiome interactions with drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity. Transl Res. 2017 Jan;179:204-222. | |||
| REF 8 | Predicting and Understanding the Human Microbiome's Impact on Pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2019 Jul;40(7):495-505. | |||
| REF 9 | Probing the skin permeation of fish oil/EPA and ketoprofen-3. Effects on epidermal COX-2 and LOX. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2007 Jun;76(6):357-62. | |||
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