Drug Information
| Interaction between the Drug and Microbe | Top | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Metabolism of Drug Affected by Studied Microbe(s) | ||||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Eubacteriales | ||||
|
Studied Microbe: Clostridioides difficile
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[4], [5] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Metabolic Reaction | O-sulfation and C-S cleavage | |||
| Resulting Metabolite | Acetaminophen sulfate; glucuronide | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Decrease activity; Increase toxicity | |||
| Description | Acetaminophen can be metabolized to Acetaminophen sulfate and glucuronide by Clostridioides difficile through O-sulfation and C-S cleavage, which results in the decrease of drug's activity and the increase of the drug's toxicity. | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Clostridium
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[6] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Resulting Metabolite | P-cresol | |||
| Description | Acetaminophen can be metabolized to P-cresol by Clostridium. | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Gut microbiota | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Actinobacteria
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[7] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Resulting Metabolite | P-cresol | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase toxicity | |||
| Description | Acetaminophen can be metabolized to P-cresol by Actinobacteria, which results in the increase of the drug's toxicity. | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Bacteroidetes
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[7] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Resulting Metabolite | P-cresol | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase toxicity | |||
| Description | Acetaminophen can be metabolized to P-cresol by Bacteroidetes, which results in the increase of the drug's toxicity. | |||
|
Studied Microbe: Fusobacteria
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[7] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Resulting Metabolite | P-cresol | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase toxicity | |||
| Description | Acetaminophen can be metabolized to P-cresol by Fusobacteria, which results in the increase of the drug's toxicity. | |||
| Studied Microbe: Gut microbiota unspecific | [8], [9] | |||
| Resulting Metabolite | N-acetyl p-benzoquuinone imine | |||
| Metabolic Effect | Increase toxicity | |||
| Description | Acetaminophen can be metabolized to N-acetyl p-benzoquuinone imine by gut microbiota, which results in the increase of the drug's toxicity. | |||
| The Abundace of Studied Microbe(s) Regulated by Drug | ||||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Bifidobacteriales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Bifidobacterium dentium
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[10], [11] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Constipation and cystitis | |||
| Description | The abundance of Bifidobacterium dentium was increased by Paracetamol. | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Burkholderiales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Oxalobacteraceae
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[11], [12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Constipation | |||
| Description | The abundance of Oxalobacteraceae was decreased by Paracetamol. | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Eubacteriales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Christensenellaceae
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[11], [12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Constipation | |||
| Description | The abundance of Christensenellaceae was decreased by Paracetamol. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Dehalobacteriaceae
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[11], [12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Constipation | |||
| Description | The abundance of Dehalobacteriaceae was decreased by Paracetamol. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Dorea
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[10], [11] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Constipation and cystitis | |||
| Description | The abundance of Dorea was decreased by Paracetamol. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Eubacteriaceae
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[11], [12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Constipation | |||
| Description | The abundance of Eubacteriaceae was increased by Paracetamol. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Lachnospiraceae
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[10], [11] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Decrease | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Constipation and cystitis | |||
| Description | The abundance of Lachnospiraceae was decreased by Paracetamol. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Peptostreptococcaceae
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[11], [12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Constipation | |||
| Description | The abundance of Peptostreptococcaceae was increased by Paracetamol. | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Lactobacillales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Streptococcaceae
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[11], [12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Constipation | |||
| Description | The abundance of Streptococcaceae was increased by Paracetamol. | |||
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Studied Microbe: Streptococcus salivarius
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[10], [11] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Constipation and cystitis | |||
| Description | The abundance of Streptococcus salivarius was increased by Paracetamol. | |||
| The Order in the Taxonomic Hierarchy of the following Microbe(s): Micrococcales | ||||
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Studied Microbe: Micrococcaceae
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[11], [12] | |||
| Hierarchy | ||||
| Abundance Change | Increase | |||
| Experimental Species | Human | Experimental Sample | Faeces | |
| Disease or Condition | Constipation | |||
| Description | The abundance of Micrococcaceae was increased by Paracetamol. | |||
| Target and Pathway | Top | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target(s) | Norepinephrine transporter (NET) | Target Info | Inhibitor | [13] |
| Prostaglandin G/H synthase (COX) | Target Info | Inhibitor | [14], [15], [16] | |
| Serotonin transporter (SERT) | Target Info | Inhibitor | [13] | |
| References | Top | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| REF 1 | The Diversion of Ultram, Ultracet, and generic tramadol HCL. J Addict Dis. 2006;25(2):53-8. | |||
| REF 2 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5239). | |||
| REF 3 | FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 018337. | |||
| REF 4 | The influence of gut microbiota on drug metabolism and toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016;12(1):31-40. | |||
| REF 5 | Gut microbiota: what is its place in pharmacology?. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2019 Oct;12(10):921-930. | |||
| REF 6 | Effects of Gut Microbiota on Drug Metabolism and Guidance for Rational Drug Use Under Hypoxic Conditions at High Altitudes. Curr Drug Metab. 2019;20(2):155-165. | |||
| REF 7 | The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016 Apr;14(5):273-87. | |||
| REF 8 | Pharmacometabonomic identification of a significant host-microbiome metabolic interaction affecting human drug metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Aug 25;106(34):14728-33. | |||
| REF 9 | Gut Microbiome and Response to Cardiovascular Drugs. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2019 Sep;12(9):421-429. | |||
| REF 10 | Impact of commonly used drugs on the composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiota. Nat Commun. 2020 Jan 17;11(1):362. | |||
| REF 11 | Interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome. Gut. 2020 Aug;69(8):1510-1519. | |||
| REF 12 | Gut microbiota associations with common diseases and prescription medications in a population-based cohort. Nat Commun. 2018 Jul 9;9(1):2655. | |||
| REF 13 | Augmentation effect of combination therapy of aripiprazole and antidepressants on forced swimming test in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009 Sep;206(1):97-107. | |||
| REF 14 | Mechanism of action of paracetamol. Am J Ther. 2005 Jan-Feb;12(1):46-55. | |||
| REF 15 | COX-3: just another COX or the solitary elusive target of paracetamol Lancet. 2003 Mar 22;361(9362):981-2. | |||
| REF 16 | COX-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure, and expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Oct 15;99(21):13926-31. | |||
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