Target Information
| Target General Information | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target ID |
T10265
(Former ID: TTDR00466)
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| Target Name |
Phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B)
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| Synonyms |
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B; Type 4B cAMP phosphodiesterase; Type 4 cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase (type 4 PDE); PDE32; DPDE4
Click to Show/Hide
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| Gene Name |
PDE4B
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| Target Type |
Clinical trial target
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[1] | ||||
| Disease | [+] 3 Target-related Diseases | + | ||||
| 1 | Asthma [ICD-11: CA23] | |||||
| 2 | Idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis [ICD-11: CB03] | |||||
| 3 | Mild neurocognitive disorder [ICD-11: 6D71] | |||||
| Function |
May be involved in mediating central nervous system effects of therapeutic agents ranging from antidepressants to antiasthmatic and anti-inflammatory agents. Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes.
Click to Show/Hide
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| BioChemical Class |
Phosphoric diester hydrolase
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| UniProt ID | ||||||
| EC Number |
EC 3.1.4.53
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| Sequence |
MKKSRSVMTVMADDNVKDYFECSLSKSYSSSSNTLGIDLWRGRRCCSGNLQLPPLSQRQS
ERARTPEGDGISRPTTLPLTTLPSIAITTVSQECFDVENGPSPGRSPLDPQASSSAGLVL HATFPGHSQRRESFLYRSDSDYDLSPKAMSRNSSLPSEQHGDDLIVTPFAQVLASLRSVR NNFTILTNLHGTSNKRSPAASQPPVSRVNPQEESYQKLAMETLEELDWCLDQLETIQTYR SVSEMASNKFKRMLNRELTHLSEMSRSGNQVSEYISNTFLDKQNDVEIPSPTQKDREKKK KQQLMTQISGVKKLMHSSSLNNTSISRFGVNTENEDHLAKELEDLNKWGLNIFNVAGYSH NRPLTCIMYAIFQERDLLKTFRISSDTFITYMMTLEDHYHSDVAYHNSLHAADVAQSTHV LLSTPALDAVFTDLEILAAIFAAAIHDVDHPGVSNQFLINTNSELALMYNDESVLENHHL AVGFKLLQEEHCDIFMNLTKKQRQTLRKMVIDMVLATDMSKHMSLLADLKTMVETKKVTS SGVLLLDNYTDRIQVLRNMVHCADLSNPTKSLELYRQWTDRIMEEFFQQGDKERERGMEI SPMCDKHTASVEKSQVGFIDYIVHPLWETWADLVQPDAQDILDTLEDNRNWYQSMIPQSP SPPLDEQNRDCQGLMEKFQFELTLDEEDSEGPEKEGEGHSYFSSTKTLCVIDPENRDSLG ETDIDIATEDKSPVDT Click to Show/Hide
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| 3D Structure | Click to Show 3D Structure of This Target | PDB | ||||
| HIT2.0 ID | T13HLX | |||||
| Drugs and Modes of Action | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical Trial Drug(s) | [+] 16 Clinical Trial Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | DENBUFYLLINE | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Cognitive impairment | [3] | |
| 2 | SOTB07 | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Asthma | [4] | |
| 3 | AN-2898 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Atopic dermatitis | [8] | |
| 4 | AWD-12-281 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Rhinitis | [9] | |
| 5 | GPD-1116 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Asthma | [10] | |
| 6 | HT-0712 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Cognitive impairment | [11] | |
| 7 | LIRIMILAST | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [12] | |
| 8 | MK-0873 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Psoriasis vulgaris | [13] | |
| 9 | Oglemilast | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Asthma | [14] | |
| 10 | OX-914 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Asthma | [15] | |
| 11 | TA-7906 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Atopic dermatitis | [16] | |
| 12 | TOFIMILAST | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [17] | |
| 13 | AVE-8112 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Parkinson disease | [18] | |
| 14 | GSK-356278 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Huntington disease | [19] | |
| 15 | MEM-1414 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Mood disorder | [20] | |
| 16 | Ronomilast | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [21] | |
| Discontinued Drug(s) | [+] 13 Discontinued Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | CI-1018 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Asthma | [24] | |
| 2 | Daxalipram | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Multiple sclerosis | [25] | |
| 3 | Filaminast | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [26] | |
| 4 | KW-4490 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Asthma | [27] | |
| 5 | V-11294A | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Asthma | [28] | |
| 6 | D-4418 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 1 | Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma | [29] | |
| 7 | SCH-351591 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 1 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [30] | |
| 8 | YM-976 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 1 | Asthma | [31], [32] | |
| 9 | D-22888 | Drug Info | Terminated | Allergy | [33] | |
| 10 | GW-3600 | Drug Info | Terminated | Asthma | [34] | |
| 11 | NIK-616 | Drug Info | Terminated | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [35] | |
| 12 | TJN-598 | Drug Info | Terminated | Glomerulonephritis | [36] | |
| 13 | Torbafylline | Drug Info | Terminated | Peripheral vascular disease | [37] | |
| Mode of Action | [+] 2 Modes of Action | + | ||||
| Inhibitor | [+] 51 Inhibitor drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | DENBUFYLLINE | Drug Info | [38] | |||
| 2 | SOTB07 | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 3 | AN-2898 | Drug Info | [39] | |||
| 4 | AWD-12-281 | Drug Info | [40] | |||
| 5 | GPD-1116 | Drug Info | [10] | |||
| 6 | HT-0712 | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 7 | LIRIMILAST | Drug Info | [41] | |||
| 8 | MK-0873 | Drug Info | [42] | |||
| 9 | Oglemilast | Drug Info | [43] | |||
| 10 | OX-914 | Drug Info | [44] | |||
| 11 | TA-7906 | Drug Info | [45] | |||
| 12 | TOFIMILAST | Drug Info | [41] | |||
| 13 | AVE-8112 | Drug Info | [46] | |||
| 14 | GSK-356278 | Drug Info | [47] | |||
| 15 | MEM-1414 | Drug Info | [48] | |||
| 16 | Ronomilast | Drug Info | [49] | |||
| 17 | CI-1018 | Drug Info | [50] | |||
| 18 | Daxalipram | Drug Info | [51] | |||
| 19 | Filaminast | Drug Info | [52] | |||
| 20 | KW-4490 | Drug Info | [53] | |||
| 21 | V-11294A | Drug Info | [54] | |||
| 22 | D-4418 | Drug Info | [55] | |||
| 23 | SCH-351591 | Drug Info | [56] | |||
| 24 | YM-976 | Drug Info | [41] | |||
| 25 | GW-3600 | Drug Info | [58] | |||
| 26 | NIK-616 | Drug Info | [59] | |||
| 27 | TJN-598 | Drug Info | [36] | |||
| 28 | (R)-Rolipram | Drug Info | [60] | |||
| 29 | (S)-Rolipram | Drug Info | [60] | |||
| 30 | 3-(2-Bromophenyl)-2-thioxo-(1H )-quinazolin-4-one | Drug Info | [61] | |||
| 31 | 8-(3-Nitro-phenyl)-6-phenyl-[1,7]naphthyridine | Drug Info | [62] | |||
| 32 | 8-Bromo-Adenosine-5'-Monophosphate | Drug Info | [63] | |||
| 33 | ASP-3258 | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 34 | Benzyl-(2-imidazol-1-yl-quinazolin-4-yl)-amine | Drug Info | [64] | |||
| 35 | Benzyl-(2-phenyl-quinazolin-4-yl)-amine | Drug Info | [64] | |||
| 36 | Benzyl-(2-pyridin-3-yl-quinazolin-4-yl)-amine | Drug Info | [64] | |||
| 37 | Benzyl-(2-thiophen-2-yl-quinazolin-4-yl)-amine | Drug Info | [64] | |||
| 38 | CHF-5480 | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 39 | CI-1044 | Drug Info | [65] | |||
| 40 | isobutylmethylxanthine | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 41 | KF-66490 | Drug Info | [67] | |||
| 42 | KURAIDIN | Drug Info | [68] | |||
| 43 | L-454560 | Drug Info | [69] | |||
| 44 | OCID-2987 | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 45 | ROLIPRAM | Drug Info | [70] | |||
| 46 | RS-14491 | Drug Info | [70] | |||
| 47 | RS-25344 | Drug Info | [71] | |||
| 48 | S,S-(2-Hydroxyethyl)Thiocysteine | Drug Info | [52] | |||
| 49 | SOPHOFLAVESCENOL | Drug Info | [68] | |||
| 50 | TAS-203 | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 51 | UCB-101333-3 | Drug Info | [72] | |||
| Modulator | [+] 5 Modulator drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | D-22888 | Drug Info | [57] | |||
| 2 | Torbafylline | Drug Info | [37] | |||
| 3 | AL-59640 | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 4 | CH-3697 | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 5 | ZL-N-91 | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| Cell-based Target Expression Variations | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cell-based Target Expression Variations | ||||||
| Drug Binding Sites of Target | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ligand Name: Rhucin | Ligand Info | |||||
| Structure Description | Catalytic Domain Of Human Phosphodiesterase 4B In Complex With Sildenafil | PDB:1XOS | ||||
| Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 2.28 Å | Mutation | Yes | [73] |
| PDB Sequence |
NEDHLAKELE
171 DLNKWGLNIF181 NVAGYSHNRP191 LTIMYAIFQE202 RDLLKTFRIS212 SDTFITYMMT 222 LEDHYHSDVA232 YHNSLHAADV242 AQSTHVLLST252 PALDAVFTDL262 EILAAIFAAA 272 IHDVDHPGVS282 NQFLINTNSE292 LALMYNDESV302 LENHHLAVGF312 KLLQEEHDIF 323 MNLTKKQRQT333 LRKMVIDMVL343 ATDMSKHMSL353 LADLKTMVET363 KKVTGVLLLD 375 NYTDRIQVLR385 NMVHCADLSN395 PTKSLELYRQ405 WTDRIMEEFF415 QQGDKERERG 425 MEISPMDKHT436 ASVEKSQVGF446 IDYIVHPLWE456 TWADLVQPDA466 QDILDTLEDN 476 RNWYQSMIP
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TYR233
3.091
HIS234
3.534
THR345
4.706
MET347
3.224
ASP392
3.497
LEU393
3.983
ASN395
3.359
PRO396
4.716
TYR403
4.420
TRP406
4.650
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| Ligand Name: Roflumilast | Ligand Info | |||||
| Structure Description | Catalytic Domain Of Human Phosphodiesterase 4B In Complex With Roflumilast | PDB:1XMU | ||||
| Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 2.30 Å | Mutation | No | [73] |
| PDB Sequence |
> Chain A
RFGVNTENED 164 HLAKELEDLN174 KWGLNIFNVA184 GYSHNRPLTI195 MYAIFQERDL205 LKTFRISSDT 215 FITYMMTLED225 HYHSDVAYHN235 SLHAADVAQS245 THVLLSTPAL255 DAVFTDLEIL 265 AAIFAAAIHD275 VDHPGVSNQF285 LINTNSELAL295 MYNDESVLEN305 HHLAVGFKLL 315 QEEHCDIFMN325 LTKKQRQTLR335 KMVIDMVLAT345 DMSKHMSLLA355 DLKTMVETKK 365 VTSSGVLLLD375 NYTDRIQVLR385 NMVHCADLSN395 PTKSLELYRQ405 WTDRIMEEFF 415 QQGDKERERG425 MEISPMDKHT436 ASVEKSQVGF446 IDYIVHPLWE456 TWADLVQPDA 466 QDILDTLEDN476 RNWYQSMIP> Chain B EDHLAKELED 172 LNKWGLNIFN182 VAGYSHNRPL192 TIMYAIFQER203 DLLKTFRISS213 DTFITYMMTL 223 EDHYHSDVAY233 HNSLHAADVA243 QSTHVLLSTP253 ALDAVFTDLE263 ILAAIFAAAI 273 HDVDHPGVSN283 QFLINTNSEL293 ALMYNDESVL303 ENHHLAVGFK313 LLQEEHDIFM 324 NLTKKQRQTL334 RKMVIDMVLA344 TDMSKHMSLL354 ADLKTMVETK364 KVTSSGVLLL 374 DNYTDRIQVL384 RNMVHCADLS394 NPTKSLELYR404 QWTDRIMEEF414 FQQGDKERER 424 GMEISPMCDK434 HTASVEKSQV444 GFIDYIVHPL454 WETWADLVQP464 DAQDILDTLE 474 DNRNWYQSMI484 P
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TYR233[A]
3.946
HIS234[A]
3.700
GLU304[A]
4.870
THR345[A]
3.385
MET347[A]
3.423
ASP392[A]
3.460
LEU393[A]
3.550
ASN395[A]
3.126
PRO396[A]
3.686
TYR403[A]
3.318
TRP406[A]
3.143
THR407[A]
3.161
ILE410[A]
3.605
MET411[A]
3.320
PHE414[A]
3.984
MET431[A]
3.787
SER442[A]
3.754
GLN443[A]
2.978
PHE446[A]
3.384
TYR233[B]
3.875
HIS234[B]
3.694
GLU304[B]
4.889
THR345[B]
3.332
MET347[B]
3.478
ASP392[B]
3.463
LEU393[B]
3.479
ASN395[B]
3.371
PRO396[B]
3.850
TYR403[B]
3.225
TRP406[B]
3.202
THR407[B]
3.268
ILE410[B]
3.556
MET411[B]
3.407
PHE414[B]
3.951
MET431[B]
3.665
SER442[B]
3.673
GLN443[B]
3.162
PHE446[B]
3.425
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| Click to View More Binding Site Information of This Target with Different Ligands | ||||||
| Different Human System Profiles of Target | Top |
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Human Similarity Proteins
of target is determined by comparing the sequence similarity of all human proteins with the target based on BLAST. The similarity proteins for a target are defined as the proteins with E-value < 0.005 and outside the protein families of the target.
A target that has fewer human similarity proteins outside its family is commonly regarded to possess a greater capacity to avoid undesired interactions and thus increase the possibility of finding successful drugs
(Brief Bioinform, 21: 649-662, 2020).
Human Tissue Distribution
of target is determined from a proteomics study that quantified more than 12,000 genes across 32 normal human tissues. Tissue Specificity (TS) score was used to define the enrichment of target across tissues.
The distribution of targets among different tissues or organs need to be taken into consideration when assessing the target druggability, as it is generally accepted that the wider the target distribution, the greater the concern over potential adverse effects
(Nat Rev Drug Discov, 20: 64-81, 2021).
Human Pathway Affiliation
of target is determined by the life-essential pathways provided on KEGG database. The target-affiliated pathways were defined based on the following two criteria (a) the pathways of the studied target should be life-essential for both healthy individuals and patients, and (b) the studied target should occupy an upstream position in the pathways and therefore had the ability to regulate biological function.
Targets involved in a fewer pathways have greater likelihood to be successfully developed, while those associated with more human pathways increase the chance of undesirable interferences with other human processes
(Pharmacol Rev, 58: 259-279, 2006).
Biological Network Descriptors
of target is determined based on a human protein-protein interactions (PPI) network consisting of 9,309 proteins and 52,713 PPIs, which were with a high confidence score of ≥ 0.95 collected from STRING database.
The network properties of targets based on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been widely adopted for the assessment of target’s druggability. Proteins with high node degree tend to have a high impact on network function through multiple interactions, while proteins with high betweenness centrality are regarded to be central for communication in interaction networks and regulate the flow of signaling information
(Front Pharmacol, 9, 1245, 2018;
Curr Opin Struct Biol. 44:134-142, 2017).
Human Similarity Proteins
Human Tissue Distribution
Human Pathway Affiliation
Biological Network Descriptors
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There is no similarity protein (E value < 0.005) for this target
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Note:
If a protein has TS (tissue specficity) scores at least in one tissue >= 2.5, this protein is called tissue-enriched (including tissue-enriched-but-not-specific and tissue-specific). In the plots, the vertical lines are at thresholds 2.5 and 4.
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| KEGG Pathway | Pathway ID | Affiliated Target | Pathway Map |
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| Purine metabolism | hsa00230 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Metabolism => Nucleotide metabolism | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| cAMP signaling pathway | hsa04024 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Environmental Information Processing => Signal transduction | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Parathyroid hormone synthesis, secretion and action | hsa04928 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Organismal Systems => Endocrine system | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Degree | 2 | Degree centrality | 2.15E-04 | Betweenness centrality | 1.53E-05 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Closeness centrality | 1.96E-01 | Radiality | 1.34E+01 | Clustering coefficient | 0.00E+00 |
| Neighborhood connectivity | 2.00E+01 | Topological coefficient | 5.00E-01 | Eccentricity | 12 |
| Download | Click to Download the Full PPI Network of This Target | ||||
| Chemical Structure based Activity Landscape of Target | Top |
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| Drug Property Profile of Target | Top | |
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| (1) Molecular Weight (mw) based Drug Clustering | (2) Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (xlogp) based Drug Clustering | |
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| (3) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) based Drug Clustering | (4) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) based Drug Clustering | |
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| (5) Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) based Drug Clustering | (6) Topological Polar Surface Area (polararea) based Drug Clustering | |
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| "RO5" indicates the cutoff set by lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in GREEN denotes the no violation of any cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in PURPLE refers to the violation of only one cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in BLACK represents the violation of more than one cutoffs in lipinski's rule of five | ||
| Co-Targets | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co-Targets | ||||||
| Target Poor or Non Binders | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target Poor or Non Binders | ||||||
| Target Regulators | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target-regulating microRNAs | ||||||
| Target Profiles in Patients | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target Expression Profile (TEP) | ||||||
| Target Affiliated Biological Pathways | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KEGG Pathway | [+] 3 KEGG Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | Purine metabolism | |||||
| 2 | cAMP signaling pathway | |||||
| 3 | Morphine addiction | |||||
| NetPath Pathway | [+] 2 NetPath Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | IL5 Signaling Pathway | |||||
| 2 | IL2 Signaling Pathway | |||||
| Reactome | [+] 2 Reactome Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | DARPP-32 events | |||||
| 2 | G alpha (s) signalling events | |||||
| WikiPathways | [+] 4 WikiPathways | + | ||||
| 1 | G Protein Signaling Pathways | |||||
| 2 | Myometrial Relaxation and Contraction Pathways | |||||
| 3 | Nuclear Receptors Meta-Pathway | |||||
| 4 | Opioid Signalling | |||||
| Target-Related Models and Studies | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target Validation | ||||||
| References | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| REF 1 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Target id: 1301). | |||||
| REF 2 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05321069) A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of BI 1015550 Over at Least 52 Weeks in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). U.S.National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 3 | Denbufylline in dementia: a double-blind controlled study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1999 Nov-Dec;10(6):505-10. | |||||
| REF 4 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01907763) Study Phase III Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of SOTB07 in Asthma Patients. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 5 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01436890) A Clinical Trial to Study the Effects of Revamilast in Patients With Chronic Persistent Asthma. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 6 | Effect of food and gender on the pharmacokinetics of RP 73401, a phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Dec;38(12):588-94. | |||||
| REF 7 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00045786) Study to Determine the Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of CC-1088 in the Treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndromes. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 8 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01301508) Efficacy and Safety of AN2898 and AN2728 Topical Ointments to Treat Mild-to-Moderate Atopic Dermatitis. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 9 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00354510) Topical GW842470X In Adults Patients With Moderate Atopic Dermatitis. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 10 | Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor GPD-1116 markedly attenuates the development of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in senescence-accelerated mice P1 s... Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008 Feb;294(2):L196-204. | |||||
| REF 11 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800018324) | |||||
| REF 12 | A novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor template. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents,2003, 13(6), 929-933. | |||||
| REF 13 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00132730) An Investigational Drug Study In Patients With COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) (MK-0873-005). U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 14 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00671073) Study To Assess Efficacy and Safety of Oglemilast in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 15 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00758446) Efficacy and Safety Study of BLX-028914 in Subjects With Allergic Rhinitis. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 16 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800024588) | |||||
| REF 17 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00150397) A Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Tofimilast in Adult Asthmatics. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 18 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01803945) A Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of AVE8112 in Patients With Parkinson's Disease. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 19 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01031186) First Time in Human Study. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 20 | The Quest for Human Longevity, Lewis D. Solo. Page(145). | |||||
| REF 21 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800013990) | |||||
| REF 22 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800022894) | |||||
| REF 23 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003087) | |||||
| REF 24 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800010034) | |||||
| REF 25 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800015672) | |||||
| REF 26 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003918) | |||||
| REF 27 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800017153) | |||||
| REF 28 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800012597) | |||||
| REF 29 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800007757) | |||||
| REF 30 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800010874) | |||||
| REF 31 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5292). | |||||
| REF 32 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800010783) | |||||
| REF 33 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800007179) | |||||
| REF 34 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800006447) | |||||
| REF 35 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800020194) | |||||
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