Target Information

Target General Information

Top

Target ID

T60693 (Former ID: TTDS00127)

Target Name

Opioid receptor kappa (OPRK1)

Synonyms

OPRK; Kappa-type opioid receptor; Kappa opioid receptor; KOR-1; KOR; K-OR-1

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Gene Name

OPRK1

Target Type

Successful target

[1]

Disease

[+] 3 Target-related Diseases

Non-specific cutaneous vascular sympton [ICD-11: ME64]

Pain [ICD-11: MG30-MG3Z]

Pruritus [ICD-11: EC90]

Function

Functions as receptor for various synthetic opioids and for the psychoactive diterpene salvinorin A. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling leads to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. Inhibits neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium ion currents and increasing potassium ion conductance. Plays a role in the perception of pain. Plays a role in mediating reduced physical activity upon treatment with synthetic opioids. Plays a role in the regulation of salivation in response to synthetic opioids. May play a role in arousal and regulation of autonomic and neuroendocrine functions. G-protein coupled opioid receptor that functions as receptor for endogenous alpha-neoendorphins and dynorphins, but has low affinity for beta-endorphins.

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BioChemical Class

GPCR rhodopsin

UniProt ID

OPRK_HUMAN

Sequence

MDSPIQIFRGEPGPTCAPSACLPPNSSAWFPGWAEPDSNGSAGSEDAQLEPAHISPAIPV
IITAVYSVVFVVGLVGNSLVMFVIIRYTKMKTATNIYIFNLALADALVTTTMPFQSTVYL
MNSWPFGDVLCKIVISIDYYNMFTSIFTLTMMSVDRYIAVCHPVKALDFRTPLKAKIINI
CIWLLSSSVGISAIVLGGTKVREDVDVIECSLQFPDDDYSWWDLFMKICVFIFAFVIPVL
IIIVCYTLMILRLKSVRLLSGSREKDRNLRRITRLVLVVVAVFVVCWTPIHIFILVEALG
STSHSTAALSSYYFCIALGYTNSSLNPILYAFLDENFKRCFRDFCFPLKMRMERQSTSRV
RNTVQDPAYLRDIDGMNKPV

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3D Structure

Click to Show 3D Structure of This Target

AlphaFold

ADReCS ID

BADD_A05962

HIT2.0 ID

T43DMF

Drugs and Modes of Action

Top

Approved Drug(s)

[+] 5 Approved Drugs

CHLOROXINE

Drug Info

Approved

Erythema

[2]

Dezocine

Drug Info

Approved

Pain

[3]

Difelikefalin

Drug Info

Approved

Pruritus

[4]

Nalbuphine

Drug Info

Approved

Pain

[5], [6]

Nalfurafine hcl

Drug Info

Approved

Uremic pruritus

[2]

Clinical Trial Drug(s)

[+] 14 Clinical Trial Drugs

Asimadoline

Drug Info

Phase 3

Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome

[8]

CR-845

Drug Info

Phase 2/3

Pain

[9]

PHN-131

Drug Info

Phase 2/3

Pain

[10]

Apadoline

Drug Info

Phase 2

Pain

[14]

CR-665

Drug Info

Phase 2

Pain

[15]

Enadoline

Drug Info

Phase 2

Pain

[16], [17]

LY-2456302

Drug Info

Phase 2

Alcohol dependence

[18]

Niravoline

Drug Info

Phase 2

Pain

[19]

TPM-1/Morphine

Drug Info

Phase 2

Pain

[20]

AIKO-150

Drug Info

Phase 1

Opioid dependence

[21]

BRL-52656

Drug Info

Phase 1

Pain

[22]

MCP-201

Drug Info

Phase 1

Pain

[23]

PF-4455242

Drug Info

Phase 1

Bipolar disorder

[24]

SALVINORIN A

Drug Info

Phase 1

Cerebral vasospasm

[25], [26]

Discontinued Drug(s)

[+] 7 Discontinued Drugs

ADL 10-0101

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Pain

[27]

E-2078

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Pain

[28], [29]

R-84760

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Pain

[30]

VP004

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Substance use disorder

[31]

GR-89696

Drug Info

Terminated

Neurodegenerative disorder

[33], [34]

GR-94839

Drug Info

Terminated

Pain

[35]

KT-95

Drug Info

Terminated

Inflammatory bowel disease

[36]

Preclinical Drug(s)

[+] 1 Preclinical Drugs

LY-25582

Drug Info

Preclinical

Obesity

[32]

Mode of Action

[+] 4 Modes of Action

Inhibitor

[+] 200 Inhibitor drugs

CHLOROXINE

Drug Info

[37]

Nalfurafine hcl

Drug Info

[40]

TPM-1/Morphine

Drug Info

[49]

AIKO-150

Drug Info

[50]

SALVINORIN A

Drug Info

[54]

CLIOQUINOL

Drug Info

[37]

LY-25582

Drug Info

[59]

SB-213698

Drug Info

[64]

(-)-cyclorphan

Drug Info

[65]

1-(1,2-diphenylethyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[66]

1-(2-ethoxy-1-phenylethyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[66]

1-(dio-tolylmethyl)-4-phenylpiperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[66]

1-benzhydryl-4-(2-fluorophenyl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

1-benzhydryl-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

1-benzhydryl-4-(3-fluorophenyl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

1-benzhydryl-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

1-benzhydryl-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

1-benzhydryl-4-(4-bromophenyl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

1-benzhydryl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

1-benzhydryl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

1-benzhydryl-4-(4-propylphenyl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

1-benzhydryl-4-(benzyloxy)-4-phenylpiperidine

Drug Info

[66]

1-benzhydryl-4-(pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

1-benzhydryl-4-(thiophen-2-yl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

1-benzhydryl-4-butylpiperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

1-benzhydryl-4-cyclohexylpiperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

1-benzhydryl-4-ethoxy-4-phenylpiperidine

Drug Info

[66]

1-benzhydryl-4-hexylpiperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

1-benzhydryl-4-isopropylpiperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

1-benzhydryl-4-m-tolylpiperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

1-benzhydryl-4-methoxy-4-phenylpiperidine

Drug Info

[66]

1-benzhydryl-4-o-tolylpiperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

1-benzhydryl-4-p-tolylpiperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

1-benzhydryl-4-phenylpiperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[68]

1-benzhydryl-4-tert-butylpiperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[67]

12-EPI-SALVINORIN A

Drug Info

[69]

14-O-phenylpropylnaltrexone

Drug Info

[70]

17-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-N-phenylmorphinan-3-amine

Drug Info

[71]

17-methyl-4'-methyldihydromorphinone

Drug Info

[72]

17-Methylmorphinan-3-yl 4-Iodophenyl Carbamate

Drug Info

[71]

2-(2-methylquinolin-4-ylamino)-N-phenylacetamide

Drug Info

[73]

2-Benzylaminomethyl-3-hydroxymorphinan

Drug Info

[71]

2-EPI-2-THIOSALVINORIN A

Drug Info

[74]

2-EPI-2-THIOSALVINORIN B

Drug Info

[74]

2-Hydroxymethyl-3-hydroxymorphinan

Drug Info

[71]

3-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-5-chloro-1H-indole

Drug Info

[75]

3-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yloxy)benzamide

Drug Info

[76]

3-desoxy-3-carboxamidonaltrexone

Drug Info

[77]

4-(4-((phenethylamino)methyl)phenoxy)benzamide

Drug Info

[79]

4-(p-Tolyl)spiro[chromene-2,4'-piperidine]

Drug Info

[80]

4-(Spiro[chromene-2,4'-piperidine]-4-yl)benzamide

Drug Info

[81]

4-(Spiro[chromene-2,4'-piperidine]-4-yl)phenol

Drug Info

[80]

4-phenyl-1-(1-phenylbutyl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[66]

4-phenyl-1-(1-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[66]

4-phenyl-1-(1-phenylheptyl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[66]

4-phenyl-1-(1-phenylhexyl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[66]

4-phenyl-1-(1-phenylpentyl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[66]

4-phenyl-1-(1-phenylpropyl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[66]

4-phenyl-1-(phenyl(m-tolyl)methyl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[66]

4-phenyl-1-(phenyl(o-tolyl)methyl)piperidin-4-ol

Drug Info

[66]

4-phenyl-4-[1H-imidazol-2-yl]-piperidine

Drug Info

[82]

4-Phenylspiro[chromene-2,4'-piperidine]

Drug Info

[80]

5-(4-((phenethylamino)methyl)phenoxy)picolinamide

Drug Info

[79]

6-(4-((phenethylamino)methyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide

Drug Info

[83]

6-(4-(2-(benzylamino)ethyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide

Drug Info

[83]

6-(4-(3-(benzylamino)propyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide

Drug Info

[79]

6-(Allyl-methyl-amino)-4,4-diphenyl-heptan-3-ol

Drug Info

[84]

6-desoxonaltrexone

Drug Info

[77]

6beta-naltrexol HCl

Drug Info

[85]

8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yloxy-benzamide

Drug Info

[86]

8-carboxamidocyclazocine

Drug Info

[87]

ANISOCOUMARIN H

Drug Info

[88]

Bis-((-)-N-propargylmorphinan-3-yl) sebacoylate

Drug Info

[65]

BUTORPHAN

Drug Info

[92]

Cis-H-Tyr-c[D-AllylGly-Gly-Phe-D-Allylgly]-OH

Drug Info

[93]

Clocinnamox

Drug Info

[70]

CYCLAZOCINE

Drug Info

[92]

CYCLORPHAN

Drug Info

[92]

C[L-Ala-D-pro-L-Phe-D-trp]

Drug Info

[94]

C[L-mTyr-D-pro-L-Phe-D-trp]

Drug Info

[94]

C[L-Phe-D-pro-L-Phe-D-trp]

Drug Info

[94]

C[L-Phe-D-pro-L-Phe-L-trp]

Drug Info

[94]

C[L-Phe-D-pro-L-Tyr(OMe)-D-trp]

Drug Info

[94]

C[L-Phe-D-pro-L-Tyr-D-trp]

Drug Info

[94]

C[L-Tyr(OMe)-D-pro-L-Phe-D-trp]

Drug Info

[94]

C[L-Tyr-D-pro-L-Phe-D-trp]

Drug Info

[94]

DAMGO

Drug Info

[95]

Dcp-c[D-Cys-Gly-Phe(pNO2)-D-Cys]NH2

Drug Info

[96]

DEOXY SALVINORIN A

Drug Info

[97]

Deprotected cogener of M6G

Drug Info

[98]

Dhp-c[D-Cys-Gly-Phe(pNO2)-D-Cys]NH2

Drug Info

[96]

Dimepheptanol

Drug Info

[84]

DM6S

Drug Info

[95]

Dmt-Pro-3,5Dmp-Phe-NH2

Drug Info

[101]

Dmt-Pro-Dmt-Phe-NH2

Drug Info

[101]

Dmt-Pro-Emp-Phe-NH2

Drug Info

[101]

Dmt-Pro-Imp-Phe-NH2

Drug Info

[101]

Dmt-Pro-Mmp-Phe-NH2

Drug Info

[101]

Dmt-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2

Drug Info

[101]

100

Dmt-Pro-Tmp-Phe-NH2

Drug Info

[101]

101

DPDPE

Drug Info

[102]

102

Dynorphin(1-8)

Drug Info

[105]

103

ELAEOCARPENINE

Drug Info

[106]

104

ENDOMORPHIN 2

Drug Info

[107]

105

ENDOMORPHIN-1

Drug Info

[107]

106

FALCARINDIOL

Drug Info

[88]

107

H-Cdp-ala-Gly-Phe-leu-OH

Drug Info

[112]

108

H-Cdp-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH

Drug Info

[112]

109

H-Cpa-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-OH

Drug Info

[112]

110

H-Tyr-c[D-Allylgly-Gly-Phe-D-Allylgly]-OH

Drug Info

[93]

111

H-Tyr-c[D-Allylgly-Gly-Phe-D-Allylgly]NH2

Drug Info

[113]

112

H-Tyr-c[D-Allylgly-Gly-Phe-L-Allylgly]NH2

Drug Info

[113]

113

H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-NH2

Drug Info

[112]

114

HERKINORIN

Drug Info

[114]

115

ICI-199441

Drug Info

[115]

116

KETOCYCLAZOCINE

Drug Info

[50]

117

KNT-62

Drug Info

[40]

118

KNT-63

Drug Info

[40]

119

LOFENTANIL

Drug Info

[117]

120

M3P6S

Drug Info

[95]

121

M3Pr6S

Drug Info

[95]

122

M6G thiosaccharide analogue

Drug Info

[98]

123

M6S

Drug Info

[95]

124

MC-CAM

Drug Info

[118]

125

MCL-117

Drug Info

[65]

126

MCL-139

Drug Info

[65]

127

MCL-144

Drug Info

[119]

128

MCL-145

Drug Info

[65]

129

MCL-147

Drug Info

[120]

130

MCL-149

Drug Info

[120]

131

MCL-153

Drug Info

[121]

132

MCL-154

Drug Info

[121]

133

MCL-182

Drug Info

[120]

134

MCL-183

Drug Info

[120]

135

MCL-428

Drug Info

[122]

136

MCL-429

Drug Info

[122]

137

MCL-431

Drug Info

[122]

138

MCL-432

Drug Info

[122]

139

MCL-433

Drug Info

[122]

140

MCL-434

Drug Info

[122]

141

MCL-435

Drug Info

[122]

142

MCL-443

Drug Info

[122]

143

MCL-445

Drug Info

[120]

144

MCL-446

Drug Info

[120]

145

MCL-447

Drug Info

[120]

146

MCL-448

Drug Info

[120]

147

MCL-449

Drug Info

[122]

148

MCL-450

Drug Info

[123]

149

MCL-451

Drug Info

[123]

150

MCL-457

Drug Info

[120]

151

MCL-458

Drug Info

[120]

152

METAZOCINE

Drug Info

[50]

153

MK-1925

Drug Info

[124]

154

Morphinan Cyclic Imine analogue

Drug Info

[125]

155

MR-1029

Drug Info

[126]

156

MR-1526

Drug Info

[126]

157

MR-2034

Drug Info

[50]

158

MR-2266

Drug Info

[126]

159

N,N-diallyl[D-Pro-10]Dyn A-(1-11)

Drug Info

[127]

160

N,N-dibenzyl[D-Pro-10]Dyn A-(1-11)

Drug Info

[127]

161

N,N-diCPM[D-Pro-10]Dyn A-(1-11)

Drug Info

[127]

162

N-(17-Methylmorphinan-3-yl)-N'-phenylurea

Drug Info

[71]

163

N-allyl[D-Pro-10]Dyn A-(1-11)

Drug Info

[127]

164

N-Benzyl-17-(cyclobutylmethyl)morphinan-3-amine

Drug Info

[71]

165

N-Benzyl-17-(cyclopropylmethyl)morphinan-3-amine

Drug Info

[71]

166

N-benzyl[D-Pro-10]Dyn A-(1-11)

Drug Info

[127]

167

N-CPM[D-Pro-10]Dyn A-(1-11)

Drug Info

[127]

168

N-isobutylnoroxymorphone

Drug Info

[128]

169

NalBzOH

Drug Info

[95]

170

Naltrexone-6-alpha-ol

Drug Info

[50]

171

NORBINALTORPHIMINE

Drug Info

[130]

172

O-DESMETHYL TRAMADOL

Drug Info

[50]

173

OXYMORPHINDOLE

Drug Info

[131]

174

PHENAZOCINE

Drug Info

[50]

175

RTI-5989-23

Drug Info

[59]

176

RTI-5989-25

Drug Info

[59]

177

Salvinicin A

Drug Info

[132]

178

SALVINICIN B

Drug Info

[132]

179

SALVINORIN B

Drug Info

[114]

180

Salvinorin B 1-ethoxyethyl ether

Drug Info

[133]

181

Salvinorin B 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxymethyl ether

Drug Info

[133]

182

Salvinorin B 2-fluoroethoxymethyl ether

Drug Info

[133]

183

Salvinorin B 2-methoxy-2-propyl ether

Drug Info

[133]

184

Salvinorin B 2-methoxyethoxymethyl ether

Drug Info

[133]

185

Salvinorin B benzyloxymethyl ether

Drug Info

[133]

186

Salvinorin B butoxymethyl ether

Drug Info

[133]

187

Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether

Drug Info

[133]

188

Salvinorin B fluoromethyl ether

Drug Info

[133]

189

Salvinorin B isopropoxymethyl ether

Drug Info

[133]

190

Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether

Drug Info

[133]

191

Salvinorin B methylthiomethyl ether

Drug Info

[133]

192

Salvinorin B propoxymethyl ether

Drug Info

[133]

193

Salvinorin B tert-butoxymethyl ether

Drug Info

[133]

194

Salvinorin B tetrahydropyran-2-yl ether

Drug Info

[133]

195

SN-23

Drug Info

[64]

196

SN-28

Drug Info

[134]

197

SPIROINDANYLOXYMORPHONE

Drug Info

[135]

198

Trans-H-Tyr-c[D-AllylGly-Gly-Phe-D-Allylgly]-OH

Drug Info

[93]

199

ZYKLOPHIN

Drug Info

[138]

200

[Dcp1]Dyn A(1-11)-NH2

Drug Info

[96]

Antagonist

[+] 11 Antagonist drugs

Dezocine

Drug Info

[1]

LY-2456302

Drug Info

[46]

Beta-endorphin

Drug Info

[89]

Diprenorphine

Drug Info

[100]

Drug 7684380

Drug Info

[103]

L-685,818

Drug Info

[103]

naltriben

Drug Info

[63]

Nor-binaltorphimine dihydrochloride

Drug Info

[90]

quadazocine

Drug Info

[63]

[3H]diprenorphine

Drug Info

[139]

[U-13C]ascomycin

Drug Info

[140]

Agonist

[+] 26 Agonist drugs

Difelikefalin

Drug Info

[38]

Asimadoline

Drug Info

[8]

CR-845

Drug Info

[41]

PHN-131

Drug Info

[42]

Apadoline

Drug Info

[14]

Carfentanil

Drug Info

[43]

CR-665

Drug Info

[44]

Enadoline

Drug Info

[17], [45]

BRL-52656

Drug Info

[51]

MCP-201

Drug Info

[52]

ADL 10-0101

Drug Info

[55]

R-84760

Drug Info

[57]

Fedotozine

Drug Info

[60]

3-Methylthiofentanyl

Drug Info

[78]

BRL 52537 hydrochloride

Drug Info

[90]

BRL 52974

Drug Info

[91]

Dihydromorphine

Drug Info

[99]

dynorphin B

Drug Info

[104]

ethyketazocine

Drug Info

[108]

ethylketocyclazocine

Drug Info

[63]

Nalorphine

Drug Info

[129]

normorphine

Drug Info

[63]

NRP290

Drug Info

[63]

spiradoline

Drug Info

[104]

tifluadom

Drug Info

[108]

U50,488H

Drug Info

[136], [137]

Modulator

[+] 12 Modulator drugs

Nalbuphine

Drug Info

[39]

Niravoline

Drug Info

[47], [48]

PF-4455242

Drug Info

[53]

E-2078

Drug Info

[56]

GR-89696

Drug Info

[61]

GR-94839

Drug Info

[62]

KT-95

Drug Info

[63]

GR-38414

Drug Info

[109]

GR-45809

Drug Info

[110]

GR-86014

Drug Info

[111]

GR-91272

Drug Info

[111]

ICI-204448

Drug Info

[116]

Cell-based Target Expression Variations

Top

Cell-based Target Expression Variations

Cell-based Target Expression Variations Info

Drug Binding Sites of Target

Top

Ligand Name: Meclinertant

Ligand Info

Structure Description

CryoEM Structure of Inactive NTSR1 Bound to SR48692 and Nb6

PDB:7UL2

Method

Electron microscopy

Resolution

2.40 Å

Mutation

[141]

PDB Sequence

IYSKVLVTAV

⁶⁹

YLALFVVGTV

⁷⁹

GNTVTLFTLA

⁸⁹

RSTVHYHLGS

¹⁰⁷

LALSDLLTLL

¹¹⁷

LAMPVELYNF

¹²⁷

IWVHHPWAFG

¹³⁷

DAGCRGYYFL

¹⁴⁷

RDACTYATAL

¹⁵⁷

NVASLSVERY

¹⁶⁷

LAICHPFKAK

¹⁷⁷

TLMSRSRTKK

¹⁸⁷

FISAIWLASA

¹⁹⁷

LLAVPMLFTM

²⁰⁷

GEQNRSAHAG

²²⁰

GLVCTPTIHT

²³⁰

ATVKVVIQVN

²⁴⁰

TFMSFIFPMV

²⁵⁰

VISVLYTLMI

²⁶⁰

LRLKSVRLLS

²⁷⁰

GSREKDRNLR

²⁹⁹

RITRLVLAVV

³⁰⁹

IAFVVCWLPY

³¹⁹

HVRRLMFCYI

³²⁹

SWTPFLYDFY

³⁴²

HYFYMVTNAL

³⁵²

FYVSSTINPI

³⁶²

LYNLVSANFR

³⁷²

HIFLATL

Residue

Distance (Å)

TYR145

4.569

MET203

4.498

MET207

4.486

PRO226

4.802

VAL233

4.213

ILE237

3.690

ARG322

3.104

ARG323

4.020

MET325

3.814

Residue

Distance (Å)

PHE326

3.335

ILE329

3.678

TRP334

3.919

TYR339

3.705

TYR342

3.537

HIS343

3.315

PHE345

3.793

TYR346

3.574

Ligand Name: Cholesterol

Ligand Info

Structure Description

Crystal Structure of a nanobody-stabilized active state of the kappa-opioid receptor

PDB:6B73

Method

X-ray diffraction

Resolution

3.10 Å

Mutation

Yes

[142]

PDB Sequence

LGSISPAIPV

⁶⁰

IITAVYSVVF

⁷⁰

VVGLVGNSLV

⁸⁰

MFVIIRYTKM

⁹⁰

KTATNIYIFN

¹⁰⁰

LALADALVTT

¹¹⁰

TMPFQSTVYL

¹²⁰

MNSWPFGDVL

¹³⁰

CKIVLSIDYY

¹⁴⁰

NMFTSIFTLT

¹⁵⁰

MMSVDRYIAV

¹⁶⁰

CHPVKALDFR

¹⁷⁰

TPLKAKIINI

¹⁸⁰

CIWLLSSSVG

¹⁹⁰

ISAIVLGGTK

²⁰⁰

VRDVIECSLQ

²¹³

FPDDDYSWWD

²²³

LFMKICVFIF

²³³

AFVIPVLIII

²⁴³

VCYTLMILRL

²⁵³

KSVRSREKDR

²⁶⁷

NLRRITRLVL

²⁷⁷

VVVAVFVVCW

²⁸⁷

TPIHIFILVE

²⁹⁷

ALGTSHSTAA

³⁰⁸

LSSYYFCIAL

³¹⁸

GYTNSSLNPI

³²⁸

LYAFLDENFK

³³⁸

Residue

Distance (Å)

VAL284

3.583

VAL285

3.513

THR288

3.758

PRO289

3.738

ILE292

3.758

Residue

Distance (Å)

PHE293

3.603

VAL296

4.028

THR302

3.426

SER303

4.415

SER311

4.804

Click to View More Binding Site Information of This Target with Different Ligands

Different Human System Profiles of Target	Top
Human Similarity Proteins of target is determined by comparing the sequence similarity of all human proteins with the target based on BLAST. The similarity proteins for a target are defined as the proteins with E-value < 0.005 and outside the protein families of the target. A target that has fewer human similarity proteins outside its family is commonly regarded to possess a greater capacity to avoid undesired interactions and thus increase the possibility of finding successful drugs (Brief Bioinform, 21: 649-662, 2020). Human Pathway Affiliation of target is determined by the life-essential pathways provided on KEGG database. The target-affiliated pathways were defined based on the following two criteria (a) the pathways of the studied target should be life-essential for both healthy individuals and patients, and (b) the studied target should occupy an upstream position in the pathways and therefore had the ability to regulate biological function. Targets involved in a fewer pathways have greater likelihood to be successfully developed, while those associated with more human pathways increase the chance of undesirable interferences with other human processes (Pharmacol Rev, 58: 259-279, 2006). Biological Network Descriptors of target is determined based on a human protein-protein interactions (PPI) network consisting of 9,309 proteins and 52,713 PPIs, which were with a high confidence score of ≥ 0.95 collected from STRING database. The network properties of targets based on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been widely adopted for the assessment of target’s druggability. Proteins with high node degree tend to have a high impact on network function through multiple interactions, while proteins with high betweenness centrality are regarded to be central for communication in interaction networks and regulate the flow of signaling information (Front Pharmacol, 9, 1245, 2018; Curr Opin Struct Biol. 44:134-142, 2017). Human Similarity Proteins Human Pathway Affiliation Biological Network Descriptors

Different Human System Profiles of Target

Top

Human Similarity Proteins of target is determined by comparing the sequence similarity of all human proteins with the target based on BLAST. The similarity proteins for a target are defined as the proteins with E-value < 0.005 and outside the protein families of the target.

A target that has fewer human similarity proteins outside its family is commonly regarded to possess a greater capacity to avoid undesired interactions and thus increase the possibility of finding successful drugs (Brief Bioinform, 21: 649-662, 2020).

Human Pathway Affiliation of target is determined by the life-essential pathways provided on KEGG database. The target-affiliated pathways were defined based on the following two criteria (a) the pathways of the studied target should be life-essential for both healthy individuals and patients, and (b) the studied target should occupy an upstream position in the pathways and therefore had the ability to regulate biological function.

Targets involved in a fewer pathways have greater likelihood to be successfully developed, while those associated with more human pathways increase the chance of undesirable interferences with other human processes (Pharmacol Rev, 58: 259-279, 2006).

Biological Network Descriptors of target is determined based on a human protein-protein interactions (PPI) network consisting of 9,309 proteins and 52,713 PPIs, which were with a high confidence score of ≥ 0.95 collected from STRING database.

The network properties of targets based on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been widely adopted for the assessment of target’s druggability. Proteins with high node degree tend to have a high impact on network function through multiple interactions, while proteins with high betweenness centrality are regarded to be central for communication in interaction networks and regulate the flow of signaling information (Front Pharmacol, 9, 1245, 2018; Curr Opin Struct Biol. 44:134-142, 2017).

Human Similarity Proteins

Human Pathway Affiliation

Biological Network Descriptors

Protein Name	Pfam ID	Percentage of Identity (%)	E value
Olfactory receptor 2M3 (OR2M3)	PF13853	24.739 (71/287)	1.69E-11
Olfactory receptor 2M7 (OR2M7)	PF13853	25.090 (70/279)	2.42E-11
Olfactory receptor 2M2 (OR2M2)	PF13853	25.442 (72/283)	3.18E-10
Olfactory receptor 2M5 (OR2M5)	PF13853	25.088 (71/283)	4.17E-10
Olfactory receptor 2T4 (OR2T4)	PF13853	22.897 (49/214)	1.61E-08
Olfactory receptor 2AG2 (OR2AG2)	PF13853	20.875 (62/297)	1.70E-08
Olfactory receptor 2C3 (OR2C3)	PF13853	24.590 (75/305)	2.16E-08
Olfactory receptor 2G6 (OR2G6)	PF13853	23.432 (71/303)	4.60E-08
Olfactory receptor 1G1 (OR1G1)	PF13853	30.081 (37/123)	7.46E-08
Olfactory receptor 2T33 (OR2T33)	PF13853	23.248 (73/314)	2.86E-07
Olfactory receptor 2T8 (OR2T8)	PF13853	24.272 (75/309)	5.54E-07
Olfactory receptor 2H1 (OR2H1)	PF13853	22.222 (72/324)	7.31E-07
Olfactory receptor 7A10 (OR7A10)	PF13853	21.595 (65/301)	1.33E-06
Olfactory receptor 7A17 (OR7A17)	PF13853	21.543 (67/311)	1.38E-06
Olfactory receptor 2A1/2A42 (OR2A1; OR2A42)	PF13853	20.202 (60/297)	1.66E-06
Olfactory receptor 2H2 (OR2H2)	PF13853	22.436 (70/312)	1.69E-06
Olfactory receptor 7A5 (OR7A5)	PF13853	23.810 (35/147)	1.90E-06
Olfactory receptor 2A14 (OR2A14)	PF13853	20.063 (64/319)	2.29E-06
Olfactory receptor 2W1 (OR2W1)	PF13853	21.136 (67/317)	2.70E-06
Olfactory receptor 1I1 (OR1I1)	PF13853	25.641 (30/117)	4.71E-06
Olfactory receptor 6S1 (OR6S1)	PF13853	24.242 (32/132)	5.13E-06
Olfactory receptor 2A25 (OR2A25)	PF13853	25.217 (29/115)	6.32E-06
Olfactory receptor 2A2 (OR2A2)	PF13853	25.620 (31/121)	6.33E-06
Olfactory receptor 52D1 (OR52D1)	PF13853	30.000 (36/120)	6.86E-06
Olfactory receptor 2AG1 (OR2AG1)	PF13853	21.262 (64/301)	1.01E-05
Olfactory receptor 4K2 (OR4K2)	PF13853	25.773 (75/291)	1.16E-05
Putative olfactory receptor 52L2 (OR52L2P)	PF13853	27.451 (28/102)	1.35E-05
Olfactory receptor 2S2 (OR2S2)	PF13853	21.875 (63/288)	1.38E-05
Olfactory receptor 6C68 (OR6C68)	PF13853	21.739 (50/230)	2.23E-05
Olfactory receptor 7D2 (OR7D2)	PF13853	22.727 (70/308)	2.39E-05
Olfactory receptor 2V1 (OR2V1)	PF13853	25.943 (55/212)	2.53E-05
Olfactory receptor 2T34 (OR2T34)	PF13853	19.288 (65/337)	2.86E-05
Olfactory receptor 2T29 (OR2T29)	PF13853	21.070 (63/299)	2.97E-05
Olfactory receptor 2T5 (OR2T5)	PF13853	21.070 (63/299)	2.97E-05
Olfactory receptor 10Q1 (OR10Q1)	PF13853	23.488 (66/281)	2.98E-05
Olfactory receptor 7G1 (OR7G1)	PF13853	27.692 (36/130)	3.54E-05
Olfactory receptor 2T3 (OR2T3)	PF13853	19.585 (66/337)	3.61E-05
Olfactory receptor 2A5 (OR2A5)	PF13853	20.455 (45/220)	3.80E-05
Olfactory receptor 7E24 (OR7E24)	PF13853	21.951 (36/164)	3.89E-05
Olfactory receptor 52E8 (OR52E8)	PF13853	31.159 (43/138)	3.90E-05
Olfactory receptor 52L1 (OR52L1)	PF13853	26.471 (27/102)	3.97E-05
Olfactory receptor 6C65 (OR6C65)	PF13853	24.312 (53/218)	4.68E-05
Olfactory receptor 4K17 (OR4K17)	PF13853	22.727 (70/308)	5.03E-05
Olfactory receptor 2T12 (OR2T12)	PF13853	21.711 (66/304)	5.05E-05
Olfactory receptor 2AK2 (OR2AK2)	PF13853	27.523 (30/109)	5.12E-05
Putative olfactory receptor 1F12P (OR1F12P)	PF13853	29.464 (33/112)	5.43E-05
Olfactory receptor 2AT4 (OR2AT4)	PF13853	25.397 (32/126)	5.83E-05
Olfactory receptor 2T2 (OR2T2)	PF13853	23.318 (52/223)	6.05E-05
Olfactory receptor 2V2 (OR2V2)	PF13853	28.972 (31/107)	8.14E-05
Olfactory receptor 7G2 (OR7G2)	PF13853	25.000 (31/124)	9.79E-05
Olfactory receptor 51E2 (OR51E2)	PF13853	25.658 (39/152)	1.01E-04
Olfactory receptor 14I1 (OR14I1)	PF13853	26.441 (78/295)	1.10E-04
Olfactory receptor 2T10 (OR2T10)	PF13853	22.772 (46/202)	1.25E-04
Olfactory receptor 4E1 (OR4E1)	PF13853	28.037 (30/107)	1.35E-04
Olfactory receptor 1M1 (OR1M1)	PF13853	21.831 (31/142)	1.38E-04
Olfactory receptor 52B6 (OR52B6)	PF13853	30.000 (42/140)	1.40E-04
Olfactory receptor 2T11 (OR2T11)	PF13853	21.739 (65/299)	1.42E-04
Olfactory receptor 13C4 (OR13C4)	PF13853	21.824 (67/307)	1.61E-04
Olfactory receptor 5AC1 (OR5AC1)	PF13853	26.549 (30/113)	1.64E-04
Olfactory receptor 2C1 (OR2C1)	PF13853	23.077 (48/208)	1.66E-04
Olfactory receptor 6V1 (OR6V1)	PF13853	24.752 (25/101)	1.79E-04
Olfactory receptor 2M4 (OR2M4)	PF13853	26.316 (55/209)	1.79E-04
Olfactory receptor 1J4 (OR1J4)	PF13853	25.610 (42/164)	2.16E-04
Olfactory receptor 2T35 (OR2T35)	PF13853	24.107 (54/224)	2.21E-04
Putative olfactory receptor 10D4 (OR10D4P)	PF13853	26.471 (27/102)	2.72E-04
Olfactory receptor 2G3 (OR2G3)	PF13853	23.875 (69/289)	2.79E-04
Olfactory receptor 51T1 (OR51T1)	PF13853	25.521 (49/192)	3.02E-04
Olfactory receptor 52H1 (OR52H1)	PF13853	21.600 (27/125)	3.37E-04
Olfactory receptor 5K4 (OR5K4)	PF13853	27.586 (32/116)	3.37E-04
Putative olfactory receptor 2B3 (OR2B3)	PF13853	22.917 (66/288)	3.39E-04
Olfactory receptor 10H2 (OR10H2)	PF13853	24.786 (29/117)	3.51E-04
Olfactory receptor 52B4 (OR52B4)	PF13853	24.540 (40/163)	3.75E-04
Olfactory receptor 2AJ1 (OR2AJ1)	PF13853	26.168 (28/107)	3.82E-04
Olfactory receptor 1J1 (OR1J1)	PF13853	29.060 (34/117)	4.11E-04
Olfactory receptor 11H2 (OR11H2)	PF13853	19.003 (61/321)	4.58E-04
Olfactory receptor 1D4 (OR1D4)	PF13853	25.309 (41/162)	5.00E-04
Olfactory receptor 10G8 (OR10G8)	PF13853	24.638 (34/138)	5.18E-04
Olfactory receptor 13J1 (OR13J1)	PF13853	25.225 (28/111)	5.47E-04
Olfactory receptor 10H4 (OR10H4)	PF13853	25.641 (30/117)	5.48E-04
Olfactory receptor 6C76 (OR6C76)	PF13853	20.317 (64/315)	5.62E-04
Olfactory receptor 7D4 (OR7D4)	PF13853	20.690 (30/145)	5.88E-04
Olfactory receptor 52E4 (OR52E4)	PF13853	26.667 (28/105)	6.09E-04
Olfactory receptor 10G4 (OR10G4)	PF13853	22.628 (31/137)	6.18E-04
Olfactory receptor 1E2 (OR1E2)	PF13853	25.217 (29/115)	7.02E-04
Olfactory receptor 10G7 (OR10G7)	PF13853	23.358 (32/137)	7.39E-04
Olfactory receptor 1J2 (OR1J2)	PF13853	25.503 (38/149)	7.49E-04
Olfactory receptor 1E1 (OR1E1)	PF13853	22.628 (31/137)	7.51E-04
Olfactory receptor 14J1 (OR14J1)	PF13853	23.846 (31/130)	8.06E-04
Olfactory receptor 2K2 (OR2K2)	PF13853	25.000 (30/120)	1.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 51M1 (OR51M1)	PF13853	21.502 (63/293)	1.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 5K2 (OR5K2)	PF13853	22.807 (26/114)	1.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 52E6 (OR52E6)	PF13853	30.435 (42/138)	1.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 10H1 (OR10H1)	PF13853	24.771 (27/109)	1.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 13A1 (OR13A1)	PF13853	23.026 (35/152)	1.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 13G1 (OR13G1)	PF13853	23.741 (33/139)	1.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 14C36 (OR14C36)	PF13853	23.636 (26/110)	1.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 2AE1 (OR2AE1)	PF13853	29.293 (29/99)	1.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 1D2 (OR1D2)	PF13853	22.393 (73/326)	1.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 3A1 (OR3A1)	PF13853	22.050 (71/322)	1.00E-03
Putative olfactory receptor 2I1 (OR2I1P)	PF13853	23.448 (34/145)	1.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 1P1 (OR1P1)	PF13853	22.581 (63/279)	1.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 1D5 (OR1D5)	PF13853	25.309 (41/162)	1.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 2A12 (OR2A12)	PF13853	21.930 (25/114)	1.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 2B2 (OR2B2)	PF13853	22.951 (70/305)	1.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 51F1 (OR51F1)	PF13853	22.754 (38/167)	1.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 7C1 (OR7C1)	PF13853	20.395 (31/152)	2.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 10G9 (OR10G9)	PF13853	22.628 (31/137)	2.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 5K1 (OR5K1)	PF13853	22.609 (26/115)	2.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 2T6 (OR2T6)	PF13853	25.243 (26/103)	2.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 2D2 (OR2D2)	PF13853	28.000 (28/100)	2.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 52N4 (OR52N4)	PF13853	23.077 (33/143)	2.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 13C9 (OR13C9)	PF13853	23.729 (28/118)	2.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 2Z1 (OR2Z1)	PF13853	25.641 (30/117)	2.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 2A4 (OR2A4)	PF13853	23.967 (29/121)	2.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 5M11 (OR5M11)	PF13853	26.119 (35/134)	3.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 2A7 (OR2A7)	PF13853	24.590 (30/122)	3.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 2D3 (OR2D3)	PF13853	25.564 (34/133)	3.00E-03
Putative olfactory receptor 7A2 (OR7A2P)	PF13853	21.154 (66/312)	3.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 11A1 (OR11A1)	PF13853	21.500 (43/200)	3.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 13C2 (OR13C2)	PF13853	23.111 (52/225)	3.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 1Q1 (OR1Q1)	PF13853	25.758 (34/132)	3.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 9A2 (OR9A2)	PF13853	23.308 (31/133)	3.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 52N5 (OR52N5)	PF13853	26.994 (44/163)	4.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 1C1 (OR1C1)	PF13853	23.148 (25/108)	4.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 11H1 (OR11H1)	PF13853	20.063 (64/319)	4.00E-03
Putative olfactory receptor 3A4 (OR3A4P)	PF13853	24.194 (30/124)	4.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 5H14 (OR5H14)	PF13853	26.000 (26/100)	4.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 4C13 (OR4C13)	PF13853	23.016 (29/126)	4.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 11H12 (OR11H12)	PF13853	20.376 (65/319)	5.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 1E3 (OR1E3)	PF13853	25.600 (32/125)	5.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 4C11 (OR4C11)	PF13853	20.462 (62/303)	5.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 14A16 (OR14A16)	PF13853	24.038 (25/104)	5.00E-03
Olfactory receptor 4N5 (OR4N5)	PF13853	23.288 (34/146)	5.00E-03
Click to Show/Hide the Information of Human Similarity Proteins

KEGG Pathway	Pathway ID	Affiliated Target	Pathway Map
Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction	hsa04080	Affiliated Target
Class: Environmental Information Processing => Signaling molecules and interaction	Pathway Hierarchy

Degree	1	Degree centrality	1.07E-04	Betweenness centrality	0.00E+00
Closeness centrality	1.51E-01	Radiality	1.20E+01	Clustering coefficient	0.00E+00
Neighborhood connectivity	2.00E+00	Topological coefficient	1.00E+00	Eccentricity	14
Download	Click to Download the Full PPI Network of This Target

Chemical Structure based Activity Landscape of Target

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Drug Property Profile of Target

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(1) Molecular Weight (mw) based Drug Clustering

(2) Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (xlogp) based Drug Clustering

(3) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) based Drug Clustering

(4) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) based Drug Clustering

(5) Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) based Drug Clustering

(6) Topological Polar Surface Area (polararea) based Drug Clustering

"RO5" indicates the cutoff set by lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in GREEN denotes the no violation of any cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in PURPLE refers to the violation of only one cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in BLACK represents the violation of more than one cutoffs in lipinski's rule of five

Co-Targets

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Co-Targets

Co-Targets Info

Target Poor or Non Binders

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Target Poor or Non Binders

Target Poor or Non Binders Info

Target Profiles in Patients

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Target Expression
Profile (TEP)

Target Expression Profile Info

Target Affiliated Biological Pathways

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KEGG Pathway

[+] 1 KEGG Pathways

Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction

Panther Pathway

[+] 3 Panther Pathways

Heterotrimeric G-protein signaling pathway-Gi alpha and Gs alpha mediated pathway

Heterotrimeric G-protein signaling pathway-Gq alpha and Go alpha mediated pathway

Opioid prodynorphin pathway

Reactome

[+] 2 Reactome Pathways

Peptide ligand-binding receptors

G alpha (i) signalling events

WikiPathways

[+] 4 WikiPathways

GPCRs, Class A Rhodopsin-like

Peptide GPCRs

GPCR ligand binding

GPCR downstream signaling

Target-Related Models and Studies

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Target Validation

Target Validation Info

References

Top

REF 1

Pharmacological profiles of opioid ligands at kappa opioid receptors. BMC Pharmacol. 2006 Jan 25;6:3.

REF 2

Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015

REF 3

Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77.

REF 4

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2021. Application Number: 214916.

REF 5

URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 1663).

REF 6

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 070692.

REF 7

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05550532) A Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter, Parallel-group, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Aticaprant 10 mg as Adjunctive Therapy in Adult Participants With Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) With Moderate-to-severe Anhedonia and Inadequate Response to Current Antidepressant Therapy. U.S.National Institutes of Health.

REF 8

Emerging drugs for irritable bowel syndrome. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2006 May;11(2):293-313.

REF 9

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02542384) A Study Evaluating the Overall Pain Relief and Safety of Intravenous (IV) CR845 in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery.

REF 10

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800029095)

REF 11

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04221230) Study in Major Depressive Disorder With BTRX-335140 vs Placebo. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 12

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04129619) A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2, Responsive Adaptive Randomization Study of ORP-101 in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Diarrhea (IBS-D). U.S.National Institutes of Health.

REF 13

Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of Klus Pharma

REF 14

Novel developments with selective, non-peptidic kappa-opioid receptor agonists. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 1997 Oct;6(10):1351-68.

REF 15

Effect of a kappa-opioid agonist, i.v. JNJ-38488502, on sensation of colonic distensions in healthy male volunteers. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009 Mar;21(3):281-90.

REF 16

REF 17

Enadoline, a selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist shows potent antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic actions in a rat model of surgical pain. Pain. 1999 Mar;80(1-2):383-9.

REF 18

Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)

REF 19

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003260)

REF 20

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800023017)

REF 21

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00829777) Safety Study of Intravenous 6 Naltrexol (AIKO-150) in Opioid-Dependent Subjects. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 22

Opiate receptors within the blood-brain barrier mediate kappa agonist-induced water diuresis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993 Jul;266(1):164-71.

REF 23

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800018011)

REF 24

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00988949) Proof Of Mechanism Study To Determine Efficacy Of PF-04455242 In Blocking Spiradoline (PF-00345768) Stimulated Prolactin Release. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 25

Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)

REF 26

Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)

REF 27

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800011770)

REF 28

REF 29

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003061)

REF 30

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800005881)

REF 31

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800025668)

REF 32

Emerging drugs for obesity: linking novel biological mechanisms to pharmaceutical pipelines. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2005 Aug;10(3):643-60.

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