Target Information

Target General Information

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Target ID

T63068 (Former ID: TTDS00336)

Target Name

Serum albumin (ALB)

Synonyms

Serum albumin

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Gene Name

ALB

Target Type

Successful target

[1]

Disease

[+] 9 Target-related Diseases

Aneurysm/dissection [ICD-11: BD50]

Bowel habit change [ICD-11: ME05]

Cholelithiasis [ICD-11: DC11]

Inborn energy metabolism error [ICD-11: 5C53]

Irritable bowel syndrome [ICD-11: DD91]

Preprocedural examination [ICD-11: QA0B]

Rheumatoid arthritis [ICD-11: FA20]

Schizophrenia [ICD-11: 6A20]

Unspecific body region injury [ICD-11: ND56]

Function

Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc.

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UniProt ID

ALBU_HUMAN

Sequence

MKWVTFISLLFLFSSAYSRGVFRRDAHKSEVAHRFKDLGEENFKALVLIAFAQYLQQCPF
EDHVKLVNEVTEFAKTCVADESAENCDKSLHTLFGDKLCTVATLRETYGEMADCCAKQEP
ERNECFLQHKDDNPNLPRLVRPEVDVMCTAFHDNEETFLKKYLYEIARRHPYFYAPELLF
FAKRYKAAFTECCQAADKAACLLPKLDELRDEGKASSAKQRLKCASLQKFGERAFKAWAV
ARLSQRFPKAEFAEVSKLVTDLTKVHTECCHGDLLECADDRADLAKYICENQDSISSKLK
ECCEKPLLEKSHCIAEVENDEMPADLPSLAADFVESKDVCKNYAEAKDVFLGMFLYEYAR
RHPDYSVVLLLRLAKTYETTLEKCCAAADPHECYAKVFDEFKPLVEEPQNLIKQNCELFE
QLGEYKFQNALLVRYTKKVPQVSTPTLVEVSRNLGKVGSKCCKHPEAKRMPCAEDYLSVV
LNQLCVLHEKTPVSDRVTKCCTESLVNRRPCFSALEVDETYVPKEFNAETFTFHADICTL
SEKERQIKKQTALVELVKHKPKATKEQLKAVMDDFAAFVEKCCKADDKETCFAEEGKKLV
AASQAALGL

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3D Structure

Click to Show 3D Structure of This Target

PDB

ADReCS ID

BADD_A00127 ; BADD_A02053 ; BADD_A02603

HIT2.0 ID

T18YXD

Drugs and Modes of Action

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Approved Drug(s)

[+] 8 Approved Drugs

Albumin Human

Drug Info

Approved

Hypoalbuminemia

[3]

Bismuth

Drug Info

Approved

Diarrhea

[4]

EVANS BLUE

Drug Info

Approved

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

[5]

Gadobenate Dimeglumine

Drug Info

Approved

Schizophrenia

[3], [6], [7]

Gadofosveset

Drug Info

Approved

Imaging

[8]

Iodipamide

Drug Info

Approved

Gallbladder disease

[3], [9], [10]

Oxyphenbutazone

Drug Info

Approved

Arthritis

[3]

Sodium lauryl sulfate

Drug Info

Approved

Constipation

[11]

Clinical Trial Drug(s)

[+] 1 Clinical Trial Drugs

Activated recombinant FVII-albumin fusion protein

Drug Info

Phase 2/3

Hemophilia

[12]

Mode of Action

[+] 2 Modes of Action

Modulator

[+] 5 Modulator drugs

Albumin Human

Drug Info

[15]

EVANS BLUE

Drug Info

[5]

Gadofosveset

Drug Info

[8]

Oxyphenbutazone

Drug Info

[18]

Activated recombinant FVII-albumin fusion protein

Drug Info

[20]

Binder

[+] 4 Binder drugs

Bismuth

Drug Info

[16]

Gadobenate Dimeglumine

Drug Info

[1]

Iodipamide

Drug Info

[17]

Sodium lauryl sulfate

Drug Info

[19]

Cell-based Target Expression Variations

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Cell-based Target Expression Variations

Cell-based Target Expression Variations Info

Drug Binding Sites of Target

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Ligand Name: Cisplatin

Ligand Info

Structure Description

Crystal structure of HSA-Myr complex soaked with cisplatin for one week

PDB:7WOJ

Method

X-ray diffraction

Resolution

2.89 Å

Mutation

[21]

PDB Sequence

VAHRFKDLGE

¹⁶

ENFKALVLIA

²⁶

FAQYLQQCPF

³⁶

EDHVKLVNEV

⁴⁶

TEFAKTCVAD

⁵⁶

ESAENCDLHT

⁶⁸

LFGDKLCTVA

⁷⁸

TLRETYGEMA

⁸⁸

DCCAKQEPER

⁹⁸

NECFLQHKDD

¹⁰⁸

NPNLPRLVRP

¹¹⁸

EVDVMCTAFH

¹²⁸

DNEETFLKKY

¹³⁸

LYEIARRHPY

¹⁴⁸

FYAPELLFFA

¹⁵⁸

KRYKAAFTEC

¹⁶⁸

CQAADKAACL

¹⁷⁸

LPKLDELRDE

¹⁸⁸

GKASSAKQRL

¹⁹⁸

KCASLQKFGE

²⁰⁸

RAFKAWAVAR

²¹⁸

LSQRFPKAEF

²²⁸

AEVSKLVTDL

²³⁸

TKVHTECCHG

²⁴⁸

DLLECADDRA

²⁵⁸

DLAKYICENQ

²⁶⁸

DSISSKLKEC

²⁷⁸

CEKPLLEKSH

²⁸⁸

CIAEVENDEM

²⁹⁸

PADLPSLAAD

³⁰⁸

FVESKDVCKN

³¹⁸

YAEAKDVFLG

³²⁸

MFLYEYARRH

³³⁸

PDYSVVLLLR

³⁴⁸

LAKTYETTLE

³⁵⁸

KCCAAADPHE

³⁶⁸

CYFDEFKPLV

³⁸¹

EEPQNLIKQN

³⁹¹

CELFEQLGEY

⁴⁰¹

KFQNALLVRY

⁴¹¹

TKKVPQVSTP

⁴²¹

TLVEVSRNLG

⁴³¹

KVGSKCCKHP

⁴⁴¹

EAKRMPCAED

⁴⁵¹

YLSVVLNQLC

⁴⁶¹

VLHEKTPVSD

⁴⁷¹

RVTKCCTESL

⁴⁸¹

VNRRPCFSAL

⁴⁹¹

EVDETYVPKE

⁵⁰¹

FNAETFTFHA

⁵¹¹

DICTLSEKER

⁵²¹

QIKKQTALVE

⁵³¹

LVKHKPKATK

⁵⁴¹

EQLKAVMDDF

⁵⁵¹

AAFVEKCETC

⁵⁶⁷

FAEEGKKLVA

⁵⁷⁷

ASQAALG

Residue

Distance (Å)

GLU86

3.804

MET87

4.492

GLN104

3.683

HIS105

1.817

ARG114

3.311

PHE127

3.839

HIS128

2.142

ILE142

4.827

ARG145

3.513

HIS146

1.943

CYS169

4.865

GLU188

4.771

LYS190

4.619

PHE228

3.287

CYS246

4.692

HIS247

2.304

MET298

2.096

ASP308

3.468

PHE309

3.521

PHE326

4.256

Residue

Distance (Å)

MET329

2.120

GLU333

2.964

TYR334

2.906

ARG337

3.631

HIS338

1.843

PRO339

4.938

TYR341

3.485

PHE374

4.693

TYR401

4.000

LYS402

4.664

ASN405

4.397

LYS436

2.254

HIS440

1.938

LYS444

3.068

CYS448

4.203

TYR452

3.893

LYS545

4.921

MET548

2.156

ASP549

4.623

Click to View More Binding Site Information of This Target and Ligand Pair

Ligand Name: Diclofenac

Ligand Info

Structure Description

Human serum albumin complexed with palmitic acid and diclofenac

PDB:4Z69

Method

X-ray diffraction

Resolution

2.19 Å

Mutation

[22]

PDB Sequence

HKSEVAHRFK

¹²

DLGEENFKAL

²²

VLIAFAQYLQ

³²

QCPFEDHVKL

⁴²

VNEVTEFAKT

⁵²

CVADESAENC

⁶²

DKSLHTLFGD

⁷²

KLCTVATLRE

⁸²

TYGEMADCCA

⁹²

KQEPERNECF

¹⁰²

LQHKDDNPNL

¹¹²

PRLVRPEVDV

¹²²

MCTAFHDNEE

¹³²

TFLKKYLYEI

¹⁴²

ARRHPYFYAP

¹⁵²

ELLFFAKRYK

¹⁶²

AAFTECCQAA

¹⁷²

DKAACLLPKL

¹⁸²

DELRDEGKAS

¹⁹²

SAKQRLKCAS

²⁰²

LQKFGERAFK

²¹²

AWAVARLSQR

²²²

FPKAEFAEVS

²³²

KLVTDLTKVH

²⁴²

TECCHGDLLE

²⁵²

CADDRADLAK

²⁶²

YICENQDSIS

²⁷²

SKLKECCEKP

²⁸²

LLEKSHCIAE

²⁹²

VENDEMPADL

³⁰²

PSLAADFVES

³¹²

KDVCKNYAEA

³²²

KDVFLGMFLY

³³²

EYARRHPDYS

³⁴²

VVLLLRLAKT

³⁵²

YETTLEKCCA

³⁶²

AADPHECYAK

³⁷²

VFDEFKPLVE

³⁸²

EPQNLIKQNC

³⁹²

ELFEQLGEYK

⁴⁰²

FQNALLVRYT

⁴¹²

KKVPQVSTPT

⁴²²

LVEVSRNLGK

⁴³²

VGSKCCKHPE

⁴⁴²

AKRMPCAEDY

⁴⁵²

LSVVLNQLCV

⁴⁶²

LHEKTPVSDR

⁴⁷²

VTKCCTESLV

⁴⁸²

NRRPCFSALE

⁴⁹²

VDETYVPKEF

⁵⁰²

NAETFTFHAD

⁵¹²

ICTLSEKERQ

⁵²²

IKKQTALVEL

⁵³²

VKHKPKATKE

⁵⁴²

QLKAVMDDFA

⁵⁵²

AFVEKCCKAD

⁵⁶²

DKETCFAEEG

⁵⁷²

KKLVAASQAA

⁵⁸²

Residue

Distance (Å)

ILE142

2.997

HIS146

2.823

PHE149

3.469

LEU154

3.456

PHE157

4.255

TYR161

2.534

LEU185

3.828

ARG186

3.168

GLY189

3.305

LYS190

3.106

SER193

4.372

LYS199

3.159

SER202

3.190

LEU203

3.257

PHE206

3.180

GLY207

3.938

ALA210

2.900

PHE211

2.995

TRP214

3.182

Residue

Distance (Å)

ARG218

2.683

LEU219

3.676

ARG222

3.486

PHE223

4.248

LEU238

4.081

HIS242

4.363

ARG257

4.007

LEU260

3.886

ALA261

4.805

ILE264

3.641

SER287

3.579

ILE290

4.344

ALA291

3.806

VAL344

3.513

LEU347

4.285

SER480

3.006

LEU481

2.869

VAL482

2.739

Click to View More Binding Site Information of This Target with Different Ligands

Different Human System Profiles of Target	Top
Human Similarity Proteins of target is determined by comparing the sequence similarity of all human proteins with the target based on BLAST. The similarity proteins for a target are defined as the proteins with E-value < 0.005 and outside the protein families of the target. A target that has fewer human similarity proteins outside its family is commonly regarded to possess a greater capacity to avoid undesired interactions and thus increase the possibility of finding successful drugs (Brief Bioinform, 21: 649-662, 2020). Human Tissue Distribution of target is determined from a proteomics study that quantified more than 12,000 genes across 32 normal human tissues. Tissue Specificity (TS) score was used to define the enrichment of target across tissues. The distribution of targets among different tissues or organs need to be taken into consideration when assessing the target druggability, as it is generally accepted that the wider the target distribution, the greater the concern over potential adverse effects (Nat Rev Drug Discov, 20: 64-81, 2021). Human Pathway Affiliation of target is determined by the life-essential pathways provided on KEGG database. The target-affiliated pathways were defined based on the following two criteria (a) the pathways of the studied target should be life-essential for both healthy individuals and patients, and (b) the studied target should occupy an upstream position in the pathways and therefore had the ability to regulate biological function. Targets involved in a fewer pathways have greater likelihood to be successfully developed, while those associated with more human pathways increase the chance of undesirable interferences with other human processes (Pharmacol Rev, 58: 259-279, 2006). Biological Network Descriptors of target is determined based on a human protein-protein interactions (PPI) network consisting of 9,309 proteins and 52,713 PPIs, which were with a high confidence score of ≥ 0.95 collected from STRING database. The network properties of targets based on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been widely adopted for the assessment of target’s druggability. Proteins with high node degree tend to have a high impact on network function through multiple interactions, while proteins with high betweenness centrality are regarded to be central for communication in interaction networks and regulate the flow of signaling information (Front Pharmacol, 9, 1245, 2018; Curr Opin Struct Biol. 44:134-142, 2017). Human Similarity Proteins Human Tissue Distribution Human Pathway Affiliation Biological Network Descriptors

Different Human System Profiles of Target

Top

Human Similarity Proteins of target is determined by comparing the sequence similarity of all human proteins with the target based on BLAST. The similarity proteins for a target are defined as the proteins with E-value < 0.005 and outside the protein families of the target.

A target that has fewer human similarity proteins outside its family is commonly regarded to possess a greater capacity to avoid undesired interactions and thus increase the possibility of finding successful drugs (Brief Bioinform, 21: 649-662, 2020).

Human Tissue Distribution of target is determined from a proteomics study that quantified more than 12,000 genes across 32 normal human tissues. Tissue Specificity (TS) score was used to define the enrichment of target across tissues.

The distribution of targets among different tissues or organs need to be taken into consideration when assessing the target druggability, as it is generally accepted that the wider the target distribution, the greater the concern over potential adverse effects (Nat Rev Drug Discov, 20: 64-81, 2021).

Human Pathway Affiliation of target is determined by the life-essential pathways provided on KEGG database. The target-affiliated pathways were defined based on the following two criteria (a) the pathways of the studied target should be life-essential for both healthy individuals and patients, and (b) the studied target should occupy an upstream position in the pathways and therefore had the ability to regulate biological function.

Targets involved in a fewer pathways have greater likelihood to be successfully developed, while those associated with more human pathways increase the chance of undesirable interferences with other human processes (Pharmacol Rev, 58: 259-279, 2006).

Biological Network Descriptors of target is determined based on a human protein-protein interactions (PPI) network consisting of 9,309 proteins and 52,713 PPIs, which were with a high confidence score of ≥ 0.95 collected from STRING database.

The network properties of targets based on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been widely adopted for the assessment of target’s druggability. Proteins with high node degree tend to have a high impact on network function through multiple interactions, while proteins with high betweenness centrality are regarded to be central for communication in interaction networks and regulate the flow of signaling information (Front Pharmacol, 9, 1245, 2018; Curr Opin Struct Biol. 44:134-142, 2017).

Human Similarity Proteins

Human Tissue Distribution

Human Pathway Affiliation

Biological Network Descriptors

There is no similarity protein (E value < 0.005) for this target


Note: If a protein has TS (tissue specficity) scores at least in one tissue >= 2.5, this protein is called tissue-enriched (including tissue-enriched-but-not-specific and tissue-specific). In the plots, the vertical lines are at thresholds 2.5 and 4.

KEGG Pathway	Pathway ID	Affiliated Target	Pathway Map
Thyroid hormone synthesis	hsa04918	Affiliated Target
Class: Organismal Systems => Endocrine system	Pathway Hierarchy

Degree	22	Degree centrality	2.36E-03	Betweenness centrality	2.72E-03
Closeness centrality	2.20E-01	Radiality	1.39E+01	Clustering coefficient	6.49E-02
Neighborhood connectivity	1.60E+01	Topological coefficient	5.81E-02	Eccentricity	11
Download	Click to Download the Full PPI Network of This Target

Chemical Structure based Activity Landscape of Target

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Drug Property Profile of Target

Top

(1) Molecular Weight (mw) based Drug Clustering

(2) Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (xlogp) based Drug Clustering

(3) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) based Drug Clustering

(4) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) based Drug Clustering

(5) Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) based Drug Clustering

(6) Topological Polar Surface Area (polararea) based Drug Clustering

"RO5" indicates the cutoff set by lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in GREEN denotes the no violation of any cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in PURPLE refers to the violation of only one cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in BLACK represents the violation of more than one cutoffs in lipinski's rule of five

Co-Targets

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Co-Targets

Co-Targets Info

Target Poor or Non Binders

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Target Poor or Non Binders

Target Poor or Non Binders Info

Target Regulators

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Target-regulating microRNAs

Target-regulating microRNAs Info

Target Profiles in Patients

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Target Expression
Profile (TEP)

Target Expression Profile Info

Target Affiliated Biological Pathways

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PID Pathway

[+] 1 PID Pathways

FOXA2 and FOXA3 transcription factor networks

Reactome

[+] 4 Reactome Pathways

Platelet degranulation

Recycling of bile acids and salts

HDL-mediated lipid transport

Scavenging of heme from plasma

WikiPathways

[+] 8 WikiPathways

Human Complement System

Binding and Uptake of Ligands by Scavenger Receptors

Lipid digestion, mobilization, and transport

Transport of vitamins, nucleosides, and related molecules

Bile acid and bile salt metabolism

Folate Metabolism

Vitamin B12 Metabolism

Selenium Micronutrient Network

Target-Related Models and Studies

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Target Validation

Target Validation Info

References

Top

REF 1

Protocol design for high relaxivity contrast agents in MR imaging of the CNS. Eur Radiol. 2006 Nov;16 Suppl 7:M3-7.

REF 2

Advances in ischemic stroke treatment: neuroprotective and combination therapies. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2007 Mar;12(1):97-112.

REF 3

Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015

REF 4

The effect of histamine H2-receptor blockade on bismuth absorption from three ulcer-healing compounds. Gastroenterology. 1991 Oct;101(4):889-94.

REF 5

The ChEMBL database in 2017. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Jan 4;45(D1):D945-D954.

REF 6

2004 approvals: the demise of the blockbuster. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2005 Feb;4(2):93-4.

REF 7

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 021357.

REF 8

2008 FDA drug approvals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2009 Feb;8(2):93-6.

REF 9

URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7400).

REF 10

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 009321.

REF 11

Drug information of Sodium lauryl sulfate, 2008. eduDrugs.

REF 12

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02484638) Study of Recombinant Factor VIIa Fusion Protein (rVIIa-FP, CSL689) for On-demand Treatment of Bleeding Episodes in Patients With Hemophilia A or B With Inhibitors.

REF 13

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02518620) An Open-Label Extension Study Assessing the Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of ALX-0061 in Subjects With Rheumatoid Arthritis. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 14

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01843894) A Phase 1/2, RU-101 Ophthalmic Solution in Patients With Severe Dry Eye. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 15

Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.

REF 16

Competitive binding of bismuth to transferrin and albumin in aqueous solution and in blood plasma. J Biol Chem. 2001 Mar 23;276(12):8829-35.

REF 17

Determining binding sites of drugs on human serum albumin using FIA-QCM. Biosens Bioelectron. 2008 Sep 15;24(1):48-54.

REF 18

Effect of albumin conformation on binding of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone to human serum albumin. J Pharm Sci. 1982 Feb;71(2):241-4.

REF 19

Some properties of the interaction between 2,2'-diselenadibenzoic acid and serum albumins. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2005 Sep 1;39(1-2):263-7.

REF 20

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01542619) A Safety and Pharmacokinetics Study of a Recombinant Fusion Protein Linking Coagulation Factor VIIa With Albumin (rVIIa-FP) in Healthy Male Volunteers. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 21

Crystallographic analysis of interaction between cisplatin and human serum albumin: Effect of fatty acid. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022 Sep 1;216:172-178.

REF 22

Structural basis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac binding to human serum albumin. Chem Biol Drug Des. 2015 Nov;86(5):1178-84.

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