Target Information
| Target General Information | Top | |||||
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| Target ID |
T86591
(Former ID: TTDS00340)
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| Target Name |
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA)
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| Synonyms |
Peroxisome proliferater-activated receptor alpha; PPARalpha; PPAR-alpha; PPAR; Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 1; NR1C1
Click to Show/Hide
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| Gene Name |
PPARA
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| Target Type |
Successful target
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[1] | ||||
| Disease | [+] 3 Target-related Diseases | + | ||||
| 1 | Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [ICD-11: 5C80] | |||||
| 2 | Hyperlipidemia [ICD-11: 5C80] | |||||
| 3 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus [ICD-11: 5A11] | |||||
| Function |
Key regulator of lipid metabolism. Activated by the endogenous ligand 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (16:0/18:1-GPC). Activated by oleylethanolamide, a naturally occurring lipid that regulates satiety. Receptor for peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Regulates the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as transcription activator for the ACOX1 and P450 genes. Transactivation activity requires heterodimerization with RXRA and is antagonized by NR2C2. May be required for the propagation of clock information to metabolic pathways regulated by PER2. Ligand-activated transcription factor.
Click to Show/Hide
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| BioChemical Class |
Nuclear hormone receptor
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| UniProt ID | ||||||
| Sequence |
MVDTESPLCPLSPLEAGDLESPLSEEFLQEMGNIQEISQSIGEDSSGSFGFTEYQYLGSC
PGSDGSVITDTLSPASSPSSVTYPVVPGSVDESPSGALNIECRICGDKASGYHYGVHACE GCKGFFRRTIRLKLVYDKCDRSCKIQKKNRNKCQYCRFHKCLSVGMSHNAIRFGRMPRSE KAKLKAEILTCEHDIEDSETADLKSLAKRIYEAYLKNFNMNKVKARVILSGKASNNPPFV IHDMETLCMAEKTLVAKLVANGIQNKEAEVRIFHCCQCTSVETVTELTEFAKAIPGFANL DLNDQVTLLKYGVYEAIFAMLSSVMNKDGMLVAYGNGFITREFLKSLRKPFCDIMEPKFD FAMKFNALELDDSDISLFVAAIICCGDRPGLLNVGHIEKMQEGIVHVLRLHLQSNHPDDI FLFPKLLQKMADLRQLVTEHAQLVQIIKKTESDAALHPLLQEIYRDMY Click to Show/Hide
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| 3D Structure | Click to Show 3D Structure of This Target | AlphaFold | ||||
| HIT2.0 ID | T49ORJ | |||||
| Drugs and Modes of Action | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Approved Drug(s) | [+] 5 Approved Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Bezafibrate | Drug Info | Approved | Hyperlipidaemia | [2], [3] | |
| 2 | Ciprofibrate | Drug Info | Approved | Hyperlipoproteinemia | [3], [4], [5] | |
| 3 | Fenofibrate | Drug Info | Approved | High cholesterol level | [6], [7] | |
| 4 | Lobeglitazone | Drug Info | Approved | Type-2 diabetes | [8] | |
| 5 | Pemafibrate | Drug Info | Approved | Hyperlipidemia | [9] | |
| Clinical Trial Drug(s) | [+] 13 Clinical Trial Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | CS-038 | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Type-2 diabetes | [12] | |
| 2 | GFT-505 | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis | [13] | |
| 3 | Ragaglitazar | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Type-1 diabetes | [14], [15] | |
| 4 | TESAGLITAZAR | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Type-1 diabetes | [16] | |
| 5 | ZYH-1 | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Lipid metabolism disorder | [17] | |
| 6 | GFT14 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Hyperlipidaemia | [19] | |
| 7 | LY-518674 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Diabetic complication | [20], [21] | |
| 8 | Naveglitazar | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Diabetic complication | [22] | |
| 9 | ONO-5129 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Diabetic complication | [23] | |
| 10 | AVE0897 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Type-2 diabetes | [25] | |
| 11 | CDT-fenofibrate | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Hyperlipidaemia | [26] | |
| 12 | GW-409544 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Hyperlipidaemia | [27], [28] | |
| 13 | Oxeglitazar | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Gout | [29] | |
| Discontinued Drug(s) | [+] 18 Discontinued Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Aleglitazar | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 3 | Type-2 diabetes | [30], [31] | |
| 2 | AVE-8134 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Heart failure | [33] | |
| 3 | BM-17.0744 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Type-1 diabetes | [34] | |
| 4 | GSK-677954 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | [35] | |
| 5 | Indeglitazar | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Type-2 diabetes | [36] | |
| 6 | KRP-101 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Hyperlipidaemia | [37] | |
| 7 | KRP-297 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Type-2 diabetes | [38] | |
| 8 | NS-220 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Hyperlipidaemia | [39], [40] | |
| 9 | Reglixane | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Diabetic complication | [41] | |
| 10 | Sodelglitazar | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Hyperlipidaemia | [42] | |
| 11 | AR-H049020 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 1 | Type-1 diabetes | [45] | |
| 12 | E-3030 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 1 | Hyperlipidaemia | [46] | |
| 13 | LG-101280 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 1 | Arteriosclerosis | [47] | |
| 14 | LY-929 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 1 | Lipid metabolism disorder | [48], [47] | |
| 15 | BVT-142 | Drug Info | Terminated | Type-2 diabetes | [54] | |
| 16 | CS-207 | Drug Info | Terminated | Cardiovascular disease | [55] | |
| 17 | KRP-105 | Drug Info | Terminated | Lipid metabolism disorder | [56] | |
| 18 | Sipoglitazar | Drug Info | Terminated | Diabetic complication | [57] | |
| Preclinical Drug(s) | [+] 3 Preclinical Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | MC-3001 | Drug Info | Preclinical | Lipid metabolism disorder | [50] | |
| 2 | MC-3002 | Drug Info | Preclinical | Metabolic disorder | [51] | |
| 3 | PIRINIXIC ACID | Drug Info | Preclinical | Pulmonary fibrosis | [52] | |
| Mode of Action | [+] 4 Modes of Action | + | ||||
| Agonist | [+] 38 Agonist drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Bezafibrate | Drug Info | [58] | |||
| 2 | Ciprofibrate | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 3 | Fenofibrate | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 4 | Lobeglitazone | Drug Info | [8] | |||
| 5 | Pemafibrate | Drug Info | [9] | |||
| 6 | GFT14 | Drug Info | [64] | |||
| 7 | LY-518674 | Drug Info | [65] | |||
| 8 | AVE0897 | Drug Info | [68] | |||
| 9 | CDT-fenofibrate | Drug Info | [26] | |||
| 10 | Flavonoid derivative 8 | Drug Info | [69] | |||
| 11 | PMID25416646-Compound-Figure5-A | Drug Info | [69] | |||
| 12 | PMID25416646-Compound-Figure5-H | Drug Info | [69] | |||
| 13 | Aleglitazar | Drug Info | [70] | |||
| 14 | AVE-8134 | Drug Info | [71] | |||
| 15 | GSK-677954 | Drug Info | [35] | |||
| 16 | Indeglitazar | Drug Info | [73] | |||
| 17 | KRP-101 | Drug Info | [74], [75] | |||
| 18 | NS-220 | Drug Info | [5], [77] | |||
| 19 | Sodelglitazar | Drug Info | [78] | |||
| 20 | AR-H049020 | Drug Info | [79] | |||
| 21 | LY-929 | Drug Info | [82] | |||
| 22 | MC-3001 | Drug Info | [83] | |||
| 23 | BVT-142 | Drug Info | [54], [85] | |||
| 24 | CS-207 | Drug Info | [86] | |||
| 25 | KRP-105 | Drug Info | [87] | |||
| 26 | (E)-4-(3,5-dimethoxystyryl)phenol | Drug Info | [89] | |||
| 27 | 8S-HETE | Drug Info | [90] | |||
| 28 | AD-5061 | Drug Info | [91] | |||
| 29 | CP-775146 | Drug Info | [93] | |||
| 30 | DB-900 | Drug Info | [94] | |||
| 31 | DRF 2519 | Drug Info | [96] | |||
| 32 | eicosatetranoic acid | Drug Info | [97] | |||
| 33 | Fibrates | Drug Info | [7] | |||
| 34 | GW7647 | Drug Info | [100] | |||
| 35 | N-oleoylethanolamide | Drug Info | [102] | |||
| 36 | pristanic acid | Drug Info | [103] | |||
| 37 | reglitazar | Drug Info | [104] | |||
| 38 | TZD18 | Drug Info | [105] | |||
| Modulator | [+] 18 Modulator drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | CS-038 | Drug Info | [59], [60] | |||
| 2 | GFT-505 | Drug Info | [61] | |||
| 3 | MURAGLITAZAR | Drug Info | [62] | |||
| 4 | Ragaglitazar | Drug Info | [15] | |||
| 5 | TESAGLITAZAR | Drug Info | [63] | |||
| 6 | ZYH-1 | Drug Info | [57] | |||
| 7 | Naveglitazar | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 8 | ONO-5129 | Drug Info | [67] | |||
| 9 | GW-409544 | Drug Info | [28] | |||
| 10 | Oxeglitazar | Drug Info | [29] | |||
| 11 | KRP-297 | Drug Info | [76] | |||
| 12 | Reglixane | Drug Info | [67] | |||
| 13 | E-3030 | Drug Info | [80] | |||
| 14 | LG-101280 | Drug Info | [81] | |||
| 15 | MC-3002 | Drug Info | [67] | |||
| 16 | Sipoglitazar | Drug Info | [57] | |||
| 17 | GW-2331 | Drug Info | [99] | |||
| 18 | LL-6531 | Drug Info | [89] | |||
| Activator | [+] 1 Activator drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | BM-17.0744 | Drug Info | [5], [72] | |||
| Inhibitor | [+] 9 Inhibitor drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | PIRINIXIC ACID | Drug Info | [84] | |||
| 2 | (9Z,12E)-12-nitrooctadeca-9,12-dienoic acid | Drug Info | [88] | |||
| 3 | (E)-12-Nitrooctadec-12-enoic Acid | Drug Info | [88] | |||
| 4 | (E)-13-Nitrooctadec-12-enoic Acid | Drug Info | [88] | |||
| 5 | BMS-687453 | Drug Info | [92] | |||
| 6 | Deoxy-Bigchap | Drug Info | [95] | |||
| 7 | GSK-9578 | Drug Info | [1], [98] | |||
| 8 | L-165461 | Drug Info | [101] | |||
| 9 | L-796449 | Drug Info | [101] | |||
| Cell-based Target Expression Variations | Top | |||||
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| Cell-based Target Expression Variations | ||||||
| Drug Binding Sites of Target | Top | |||||
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| Ligand Name: Icosapent | Ligand Info | |||||
| Structure Description | X-ray structure of human PPARalpha ligand binding domain-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) co-crystals obtained by delipidation and cross-seeding | PDB:6LXA | ||||
| Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 1.23 Å | Mutation | No | [106] |
| PDB Sequence |
MTADLKSLAK
208 RIYEAYLKNF218 NMNKVKARVI228 LSGKSNNPPF239 VIHDMETLCM249 AEKTLVAKLV 259 ANGIQNKEAE269 VRIFHCCQCT279 SVETVTELTE289 FAKAIPGFAN299 LDLNDQVTLL 309 KYGVYEAIFA319 MLSSVMNKDG329 MLVAYGNGFI339 TREFLKSLRK349 PFCDIMEPKF 359 DFAMKFNALE369 LDDSDISLFV379 AAIICCGDRP389 GLLNVGHIEK399 MQEGIVHVLR 409 LHLQSNHPDD419 IFLFPKLLQK429 MADLRQLVTE439 HAQLVQIIKK449 TESDAALHPL 459 LQEIYRDMY
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ILE241
3.245
LEU247
3.678
ALA250
3.165
GLU251
2.919
LEU254
3.528
VAL255
3.359
ARG271
4.586
ILE272
2.730
PHE273
2.914
CYS275
3.365
CYS276
2.942
GLN277
3.081
THR279
2.613
SER280
2.693
TYR314
2.629
ILE317
4.902
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| Click to View More Binding Site Information of This Target and Ligand Pair | ||||||
| Ligand Name: Pemafibrate | Ligand Info | |||||
| Structure Description | X-ray structure of human PPARalpha ligand binding domain-pemafibrate co-crystals obtained by delipidation and cross-seeding | PDB:6KB4 | ||||
| Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 1.42 Å | Mutation | No | [106] |
| PDB Sequence |
MTADLKSLAK
208 RIYEAYLKNF218 NMNKVKARVI228 LSGSNNPPFV240 IHDMETLCMA250 EKTLVAKLVA 260 NGIQNKEAEV270 RIFHCCQCTS280 VETVTELTEF290 AKAIPGFANL300 DLNDQVTLLK 310 YGVYEAIFAM320 LSSVMNKDGM330 LVAYGNGFIT340 REFLKSLRKP350 FCDIMEPKFD 360 FAMKFNALEL370 DDSDISLFVA380 AIICCGDRPG390 LLNVGHIEKM400 QEGIVHVLRL 410 HLQSNHPDDI420 FLFPKLLQKM430 ADLRQLVTEH440 AQLVQIIKKT450 ESDAALHPLL 460 QEIYRDMY
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MET220
3.259
ILE241
2.791
LEU247
3.962
ALA250
3.874
GLU251
3.640
LEU254
4.853
VAL255
4.161
ILE272
3.791
PHE273
2.680
CYS275
3.619
CYS276
2.687
GLN277
3.223
THR279
2.889
SER280
2.569
THR283
3.993
TYR314
2.736
ALA316
4.941
ILE317
3.151
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| Click to View More Binding Site Information of This Target and Ligand Pair | ||||||
| Click to View More Binding Site Information of This Target with Different Ligands | ||||||
| Different Human System Profiles of Target | Top |
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Human Similarity Proteins
of target is determined by comparing the sequence similarity of all human proteins with the target based on BLAST. The similarity proteins for a target are defined as the proteins with E-value < 0.005 and outside the protein families of the target.
A target that has fewer human similarity proteins outside its family is commonly regarded to possess a greater capacity to avoid undesired interactions and thus increase the possibility of finding successful drugs
(Brief Bioinform, 21: 649-662, 2020).
Human Pathway Affiliation
of target is determined by the life-essential pathways provided on KEGG database. The target-affiliated pathways were defined based on the following two criteria (a) the pathways of the studied target should be life-essential for both healthy individuals and patients, and (b) the studied target should occupy an upstream position in the pathways and therefore had the ability to regulate biological function.
Targets involved in a fewer pathways have greater likelihood to be successfully developed, while those associated with more human pathways increase the chance of undesirable interferences with other human processes
(Pharmacol Rev, 58: 259-279, 2006).
Biological Network Descriptors
of target is determined based on a human protein-protein interactions (PPI) network consisting of 9,309 proteins and 52,713 PPIs, which were with a high confidence score of ≥ 0.95 collected from STRING database.
The network properties of targets based on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been widely adopted for the assessment of target’s druggability. Proteins with high node degree tend to have a high impact on network function through multiple interactions, while proteins with high betweenness centrality are regarded to be central for communication in interaction networks and regulate the flow of signaling information
(Front Pharmacol, 9, 1245, 2018;
Curr Opin Struct Biol. 44:134-142, 2017).
Human Similarity Proteins
Human Pathway Affiliation
Biological Network Descriptors
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There is no similarity protein (E value < 0.005) for this target
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| KEGG Pathway | Pathway ID | Affiliated Target | Pathway Map |
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| PPAR signaling pathway | hsa03320 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Organismal Systems => Endocrine system | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| cAMP signaling pathway | hsa04024 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Environmental Information Processing => Signal transduction | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Adipocytokine signaling pathway | hsa04920 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Organismal Systems => Endocrine system | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Glucagon signaling pathway | hsa04922 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Organismal Systems => Endocrine system | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Degree | 49 | Degree centrality | 5.26E-03 | Betweenness centrality | 2.28E-02 |
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| Closeness centrality | 2.57E-01 | Radiality | 1.44E+01 | Clustering coefficient | 8.76E-02 |
| Neighborhood connectivity | 3.16E+01 | Topological coefficient | 3.93E-02 | Eccentricity | 10 |
| Download | Click to Download the Full PPI Network of This Target | ||||
| Chemical Structure based Activity Landscape of Target | Top |
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| Drug Property Profile of Target | Top | |
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| (1) Molecular Weight (mw) based Drug Clustering | (2) Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (xlogp) based Drug Clustering | |
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| (3) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) based Drug Clustering | (4) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) based Drug Clustering | |
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| (5) Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) based Drug Clustering | (6) Topological Polar Surface Area (polararea) based Drug Clustering | |
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| "RO5" indicates the cutoff set by lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in GREEN denotes the no violation of any cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in PURPLE refers to the violation of only one cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in BLACK represents the violation of more than one cutoffs in lipinski's rule of five | ||
| Co-Targets | Top | |||||
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| Co-Targets | ||||||
| Target Poor or Non Binders | Top | |||||
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| Target Poor or Non Binders | ||||||
| Target Regulators | Top | |||||
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| Target-regulating microRNAs | ||||||
| Target-interacting Proteins | ||||||
| Target Profiles in Patients | Top | |||||
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| Target Expression Profile (TEP) | ||||||
| Target-Related Models and Studies | Top | |||||
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| Target Validation | ||||||
| Target QSAR Model | ||||||
| References | Top | |||||
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| REF 1 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activators improve insulin sensitivity and reduce adiposity. J Biol Chem. 2000 Jun 2;275(22):16638-42. | |||||
| REF 2 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2668). | |||||
| REF 3 | Antidiabetic action of bezafibrate in a large observational database. Diabetes Care. 2009 Apr;32(4):547-51. | |||||
| REF 4 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 3438). | |||||
| REF 5 | Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015 | |||||
| REF 6 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7186). | |||||
| REF 7 | Emerging antidyslipidemic drugs. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2008 Jun;13(2):363-81. | |||||
| REF 8 | Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of lobeglitazone, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, after a single oral administration in healthy female subjects. Clin Drug Investig. 2014 Jul;34(7):467-74. | |||||
| REF 9 | Pemafibrate: First Global Approval. Drugs. 2017 Oct;77(16):1805-1810. | |||||
| REF 10 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2675). | |||||
| REF 11 | Medicinal Chemistry and Actions of Dual and Pan PPAR Modulators. Open Med Chem J. 2011;5(Suppl 2):93-8. | |||||
| REF 12 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02173457) Study of Chiglitazar Compare With Sitagliptin in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 13 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02704403) Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Elafibranor Versus Placebo in Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) (RESOLVE-IT). U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 14 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2664). | |||||
| REF 15 | Ragaglitazar: the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of a novel dual PPAR alpha and gamma agonist in healthy subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Nov;43(11):1244-56. | |||||
| REF 16 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00229710) GALLEX 9: Safety and Tolerability of Oral Tesaglitazar When Added to Insulin Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 17 | A multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Saroglitazar 2 and 4 g compared with placebo in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients having hypertriglyceridemia not controlled with atorvastatin therapy (PRESS VI). Diabetes Technol Ther. 2014 Feb;16(2):63-71. | |||||
| REF 18 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01539616) A Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of ZYH7 Compared to Fenofibrate in Patients With Dyslipidemia. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 19 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800024296) | |||||
| REF 20 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2658). | |||||
| REF 21 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00327002) A Mechanistic Study of the Effects of LY518674 on High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) Metabolism. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 22 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00065312) An Evaluation of an Oral Antidiabetic Agent for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 23 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00335712) Pilot Study of ONO-5129 in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 24 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03829436) TPST-1120 as Monotherapy and in Combination With Nivolumab in Subjects With Advanced Cancers. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 25 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800022196) | |||||
| REF 26 | Mechanism of action of fibrates on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Circulation. 1998 Nov 10;98(19):2088-93. | |||||
| REF 27 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 3440). | |||||
| REF 28 | Design novel dual agonists for treating type-2 diabetes by targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors with core hopping approach. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e38546. | |||||
| REF 29 | Therapeutic potential of aleglitazar, a new dual PPAR-alpha/gamma agonist: implications for cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2010;10(4):209-16. | |||||
| REF 30 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7405). | |||||
| REF 31 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800017317) | |||||
| REF 32 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800020608) | |||||
| REF 33 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800021122) | |||||
| REF 34 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800011739) | |||||
| REF 35 | Emerging drugs for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2008 Mar;13(1):145-58. | |||||
| REF 36 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800022483) | |||||
| REF 37 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800018628) | |||||
| REF 38 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800010490) | |||||
| REF 39 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2678). | |||||
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