Target Information
| Target General Information | Top | |||||
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| Target ID |
T26623
(Former ID: TTDS00115)
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| Target Name |
Aldose reductase (AKR1B1)
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| Synonyms |
Aldehyde reductase; AKR1B1
Click to Show/Hide
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| Gene Name |
AKR1B1
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| Target Type |
Successful target
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[1] | ||||
| Disease | [+] 2 Target-related Diseases | + | ||||
| 1 | Neuropathy [ICD-11: 8C0Z] | |||||
| 2 | Rheumatoid arthritis [ICD-11: FA20] | |||||
| Function |
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols with a broad range of catalytic efficiencies.
Click to Show/Hide
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| BioChemical Class |
Short-chain dehydrogenases reductase
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| UniProt ID | ||||||
| EC Number |
EC 1.1.1.300
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| Sequence |
MASRLLLNNGAKMPILGLGTWKSPPGQVTEAVKVAIDVGYRHIDCAHVYQNENEVGVAIQ
EKLREQVVKREELFIVSKLWCTYHEKGLVKGACQKTLSDLKLDYLDLYLIHWPTGFKPGK EFFPLDESGNVVPSDTNILDTWAAMEELVDEGLVKAIGISNFNHLQVEMILNKPGLKYKP AVNQIECHPYLTQEKLIQYCQSKGIVVTAYSPLGSPDRPWAKPEDPSLLEDPRIKAIAAK HNKTTAQVLIRFPMQRNLVVIPKSVTPERIAENFKVFDFELSSQDMTTLLSYNRNWRVCA LLSCTSHKDYPFHEEF Click to Show/Hide
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| 3D Structure | Click to Show 3D Structure of This Target | PDB | ||||
| HIT2.0 ID | T68NCI | |||||
| Drugs and Modes of Action | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Approved Drug(s) | [+] 1 Approved Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Epalrestat | Drug Info | Approved | Diabetic neuropathy | [4] | |
| Clinical Trial Drug(s) | [+] 9 Clinical Trial Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Fidarestat | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Diabetic complication | [5] | |
| 2 | Ranirestat | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Diabetic neuropathy | [6] | |
| 3 | CONTIGOSIDE B | Drug Info | Phase 2/3 | Thrombosis | [8] | |
| 4 | ADMVA | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Diabetic complication | [10], [11] | |
| 5 | LIDORESTAT | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Diabetic complication | [12], [13] | |
| 6 | QR-333 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Diabetic neuropathy | [14] | |
| 7 | T2c-003 | Drug Info | Phase 1/2 | Diabetic neuropathy | [15] | |
| 8 | ALO-1567 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Glaucoma/ocular hypertension | [16] | |
| 9 | SSR-125047 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Schizophrenia | [17] | |
| Discontinued Drug(s) | [+] 12 Discontinued Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | IMIRESTAT | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 3 | Diabetic complication | [19] | |
| 2 | MINALRESTAT | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 3 | Diabetic complication | [20] | |
| 3 | AD-5467 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Diabetic complication | [21] | |
| 4 | CTL-102-GDEPT | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Head and neck cancer | [22] | |
| 5 | JTT-811 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Diabetic complication | [23] | |
| 6 | ZOPOLRESTAT | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Diabetic complication | [24], [25] | |
| 7 | E-0722 | Drug Info | Terminated | Diabetic cataract | [27] | |
| 8 | FR-62765 | Drug Info | Terminated | Diabetic complication | [28] | |
| 9 | Sorbinil | Drug Info | Terminated | Diabetic cataract | [29], [30] | |
| 10 | SPR-210 | Drug Info | Terminated | Diabetic complication | [31] | |
| 11 | WF-2421 | Drug Info | Terminated | Diabetic complication | [32] | |
| 12 | Zenarestat | Drug Info | Terminated | Diabetic neuropathy | [33], [34] | |
| Preclinical Drug(s) | [+] 1 Preclinical Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | ARI-809 | Drug Info | Preclinical | Diabetic complication | [26] | |
| Mode of Action | [+] 2 Modes of Action | + | ||||
| Inhibitor | [+] 84 Inhibitor drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Epalrestat | Drug Info | [35], [36] | |||
| 2 | Fidarestat | Drug Info | [37], [38] | |||
| 3 | Ranirestat | Drug Info | [39] | |||
| 4 | CONTIGOSIDE B | Drug Info | [40] | |||
| 5 | LIDORESTAT | Drug Info | [41] | |||
| 6 | QR-333 | Drug Info | [42] | |||
| 7 | ALO-1567 | Drug Info | [16], [43] | |||
| 8 | SSR-125047 | Drug Info | [44] | |||
| 9 | IMIRESTAT | Drug Info | [45] | |||
| 10 | AD-5467 | Drug Info | [43], [47] | |||
| 11 | Alrestatin | Drug Info | [48] | |||
| 12 | JTT-811 | Drug Info | [39] | |||
| 13 | ARI-809 | Drug Info | [51] | |||
| 14 | Sorbinil | Drug Info | [53], [54] | |||
| 15 | SPR-210 | Drug Info | [55] | |||
| 16 | Zenarestat | Drug Info | [56] | |||
| 17 | (4-Methyl-2-oxo-2H-quinolin-1-yl)-acetic acid | Drug Info | [57] | |||
| 18 | (6-Hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-quinolin-1-yl)-acetic acid | Drug Info | [57] | |||
| 19 | (6-Methoxy-2-oxo-2H-quinolin-1-yl)-acetic acid | Drug Info | [57] | |||
| 20 | (8-Hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-quinolin-1-yl)-acetic acid | Drug Info | [57] | |||
| 21 | 2'-Monophosphoadenosine 5'-Diphosphoribose | Drug Info | [48] | |||
| 22 | 2,3-dihydroxypropanal | Drug Info | [58] | |||
| 23 | 2-(3,4-Dihydroxy-benzyl)-7-hydroxy-chromen-4-one | Drug Info | [59] | |||
| 24 | 2-(3-benzoyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)acetic acid | Drug Info | [60] | |||
| 25 | 2-(4-aminophenylsulfonamido)acetic acid | Drug Info | [61] | |||
| 26 | 2-(Phenylsulfonamido)acetic Acid | Drug Info | [62] | |||
| 27 | 2-Benzhydryl-7-hydroxy-chromen-4-one | Drug Info | [59] | |||
| 28 | 2-Benzyl-7-hydroxy-chromen-4-one | Drug Info | [59] | |||
| 29 | 3,5-dichlorosalicylic acid | Drug Info | [63] | |||
| 30 | 3-(3-Benzoyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)propanoic acid | Drug Info | [60] | |||
| 31 | 3-[5-(3-nitrophenyl)thiophen-2-yl]propanoic acid | Drug Info | [64] | |||
| 32 | 4-(3-Benzoyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)butanoic acid | Drug Info | [60] | |||
| 33 | 4-(3-Methoxy-phenyl)-isoxazolidine-3,5-dione | Drug Info | [65] | |||
| 34 | 6,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-chromen-4-one | Drug Info | [59] | |||
| 35 | 6-(1H-Indole-2-sulfonyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 36 | 6-(2-Bromo-benzenesulfonyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 37 | 6-(2-Chloro-benzenesulfonyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 38 | 6-(2-Fluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 39 | 6-(3-Chloro-benzenesulfonyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 40 | 6-(4-Chloro-benzenesulfonyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 41 | 6-(4-Methoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 42 | 6-(Benzofuran-2-sulfonyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 43 | 6-(Benzothiazole-2-sulfonyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 44 | 6-(Biphenyl-2-sulfonyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 45 | 6-(Naphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 46 | 6-(Naphthalene-2-sulfonyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 47 | 6-(Toluene-4-sulfonyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 48 | 6-Benzenesulfonyl-2H-pyridazin-3-one | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 49 | 6-Hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-benzyl)-chromen-4-one | Drug Info | [59] | |||
| 50 | 6-methoxykaempferol 3-O-beta-D-robinobioside | Drug Info | [67] | |||
| 51 | 6-Phenylmethanesulfonyl-2H-pyridazin-3-one | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 52 | 7-Hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-benzyl)-chromen-4-one | Drug Info | [59] | |||
| 53 | 7-Hydroxy-2-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-chromen-4-one | Drug Info | [59] | |||
| 54 | 7-Hydroxy-4-phenylcoumarin | Drug Info | [68] | |||
| 55 | 7-Hydroxy-6-nitro-2-phenyl-chromen-4-one | Drug Info | [59] | |||
| 56 | AK198 | Drug Info | [69] | |||
| 57 | Alpha-D-Glucose-6-Phosphate | Drug Info | [48] | |||
| 58 | APIGENIN | Drug Info | [70] | |||
| 59 | Apigenin-7-O-beta-D-glucuronide | Drug Info | [70] | |||
| 60 | Apigenin-7-O-beta-D-glucuronide methyl ester | Drug Info | [70] | |||
| 61 | ASTRAGALIN | Drug Info | [70] | |||
| 62 | Chrysin | Drug Info | [71] | |||
| 63 | daidzein | Drug Info | [59] | |||
| 64 | EPALRESTATE | Drug Info | [70] | |||
| 65 | Fidarestat(Stereoisomer) | Drug Info | [48] | |||
| 66 | Hydroxydimethylarsine Oxide | Drug Info | [48] | |||
| 67 | IDD552 | Drug Info | [48] | |||
| 68 | IDD594 | Drug Info | [64] | |||
| 69 | Inhibitor Idd 384 | Drug Info | [48] | |||
| 70 | Isorhamnetin 3,7-disulfate | Drug Info | [40] | |||
| 71 | Isorhamnetin 3-O-rhamnoside | Drug Info | [72] | |||
| 72 | KAEMPFEROL | Drug Info | [70] | |||
| 73 | MANGIFERIN | Drug Info | [73] | |||
| 74 | N-Acetylalanine | Drug Info | [48] | |||
| 75 | NSC-94258 | Drug Info | [59] | |||
| 76 | O5-Acetyl-O7-nitrooxyethyl chrysin | Drug Info | [71] | |||
| 77 | O7-Nitrooxyethyl chrysin | Drug Info | [71] | |||
| 78 | PALBINONE | Drug Info | [74] | |||
| 79 | Patuletin 3-O-beta-D-robinobioside | Drug Info | [67] | |||
| 80 | Quercetin 3-O-neohesperidoside | Drug Info | [72] | |||
| 81 | QUERCITRIN | Drug Info | [70] | |||
| 82 | TINGENIN B | Drug Info | [73] | |||
| 83 | TINGENONE | Drug Info | [73] | |||
| 84 | TRIPTOCALLINE A | Drug Info | [73] | |||
| Modulator | [+] 8 Modulator drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | T2c-003 | Drug Info | [39] | |||
| 2 | MINALRESTAT | Drug Info | [46] | |||
| 3 | CTL-102-GDEPT | Drug Info | [49] | |||
| 4 | ZOPOLRESTAT | Drug Info | [50] | |||
| 5 | E-0722 | Drug Info | [52] | |||
| 6 | FR-62765 | Drug Info | [28] | |||
| 7 | WF-2421 | Drug Info | [32] | |||
| 8 | BNV-222 | Drug Info | [39] | |||
| Cell-based Target Expression Variations | Top | |||||
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| Cell-based Target Expression Variations | ||||||
| Drug Binding Sites of Target | Top | |||||
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| Ligand Name: Tolmetin | Ligand Info | |||||
| Structure Description | Crystal Structure of Human Aldose Reductase Complexed with Tolmetin | PDB:3S3G | ||||
| Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 1.80 Å | Mutation | No | [75] |
| PDB Sequence |
MASRLLLNNG
9 AKMPILGLGT19 WKSPPGQVTE29 AVKVAIDVGY39 RHIDCAHVYQ49 NENEVGVAIQ 59 EKLREQVVKR69 EELFIVSKLW79 CTYHEKGLVK89 GACQKTLSDL99 KLDYLDLYLI 109 HWPTGFKPGK119 EFFPLDESGN129 VVPSDTNILD139 TWAAMEELVD149 EGLVKAIGIS 159 NFNHLQVEMI169 LNKPGLKYKP179 AVNQIECHPY189 LTQEKLIQYC199 QSKGIVVTAY 209 SPLGSPDRPW219 AKPEDPSLLE229 DPRIKAIAAK239 HNKTTAQVLI249 RFPMQRNLVV 259 IPKSVTPERI269 AENFKVFDFE279 LSSQDMTTLL289 SYNRNWRVCA299 LLSCTSHKDY 309 PFHEEF
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| Ligand Name: Nitazoxanide | Ligand Info | |||||
| Structure Description | Aldose reductase complexed with a nitro compound | PDB:3V35 | ||||
| Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 1.90 Å | Mutation | No | [76] |
| PDB Sequence |
MASRLLLNNG
9 AKMPILGLGT19 WKSPPGQVTE29 AVKVAIDVGY39 RHIDCAHVYQ49 NENEVGVAIQ 59 EKLREQVVKR69 EELFIVSKLW79 CTYHEKGLVK89 GACQKTLSDL99 KLDYLDLYLI 109 HWPTGFKPGK119 EFFPLDESGN129 VVPSDTNILD139 TWAAMEELVD149 EGLVKAIGIS 159 NFNHLQVEMI169 LNKPGLKYKP179 AVNQIECHPY189 LTQEKLIQYC199 QSKGIVVTAY 209 SPLGSPDRPW219 AKPEDPSLLE229 DPRIKAIAAK239 HNKTTAQVLI249 RFPMQRNLVV 259 IPKSVTPERI269 AENFKVFDFE279 LSSQDMTTLL289 SYNRNWRVCA299 LLSCTSHKDY 309 PFHEEF
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| Click to View More Binding Site Information of This Target with Different Ligands | ||||||
| Different Human System Profiles of Target | Top |
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Human Similarity Proteins
of target is determined by comparing the sequence similarity of all human proteins with the target based on BLAST. The similarity proteins for a target are defined as the proteins with E-value < 0.005 and outside the protein families of the target.
A target that has fewer human similarity proteins outside its family is commonly regarded to possess a greater capacity to avoid undesired interactions and thus increase the possibility of finding successful drugs
(Brief Bioinform, 21: 649-662, 2020).
Human Tissue Distribution
of target is determined from a proteomics study that quantified more than 12,000 genes across 32 normal human tissues. Tissue Specificity (TS) score was used to define the enrichment of target across tissues.
The distribution of targets among different tissues or organs need to be taken into consideration when assessing the target druggability, as it is generally accepted that the wider the target distribution, the greater the concern over potential adverse effects
(Nat Rev Drug Discov, 20: 64-81, 2021).
Human Pathway Affiliation
of target is determined by the life-essential pathways provided on KEGG database. The target-affiliated pathways were defined based on the following two criteria (a) the pathways of the studied target should be life-essential for both healthy individuals and patients, and (b) the studied target should occupy an upstream position in the pathways and therefore had the ability to regulate biological function.
Targets involved in a fewer pathways have greater likelihood to be successfully developed, while those associated with more human pathways increase the chance of undesirable interferences with other human processes
(Pharmacol Rev, 58: 259-279, 2006).
Biological Network Descriptors
of target is determined based on a human protein-protein interactions (PPI) network consisting of 9,309 proteins and 52,713 PPIs, which were with a high confidence score of ≥ 0.95 collected from STRING database.
The network properties of targets based on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been widely adopted for the assessment of target’s druggability. Proteins with high node degree tend to have a high impact on network function through multiple interactions, while proteins with high betweenness centrality are regarded to be central for communication in interaction networks and regulate the flow of signaling information
(Front Pharmacol, 9, 1245, 2018;
Curr Opin Struct Biol. 44:134-142, 2017).
Human Similarity Proteins
Human Tissue Distribution
Human Pathway Affiliation
Biological Network Descriptors
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There is no similarity protein (E value < 0.005) for this target
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Note:
If a protein has TS (tissue specficity) scores at least in one tissue >= 2.5, this protein is called tissue-enriched (including tissue-enriched-but-not-specific and tissue-specific). In the plots, the vertical lines are at thresholds 2.5 and 4.
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| KEGG Pathway | Pathway ID | Affiliated Target | Pathway Map |
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| Pentose and glucuronate interconversions | hsa00040 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Metabolism => Carbohydrate metabolism | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Fructose and mannose metabolism | hsa00051 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Metabolism => Carbohydrate metabolism | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Galactose metabolism | hsa00052 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Metabolism => Carbohydrate metabolism | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Glycerolipid metabolism | hsa00561 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Metabolism => Lipid metabolism | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Folate biosynthesis | hsa00790 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Metabolism => Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Degree | 5 | Degree centrality | 5.37E-04 | Betweenness centrality | 3.52E-04 |
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| Closeness centrality | 1.79E-01 | Radiality | 1.29E+01 | Clustering coefficient | 3.00E-01 |
| Neighborhood connectivity | 8.20E+00 | Topological coefficient | 2.44E-01 | Eccentricity | 11 |
| Download | Click to Download the Full PPI Network of This Target | ||||
| Chemical Structure based Activity Landscape of Target | Top |
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| Drug Property Profile of Target | Top | |
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| (1) Molecular Weight (mw) based Drug Clustering | (2) Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (xlogp) based Drug Clustering | |
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| (3) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) based Drug Clustering | (4) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) based Drug Clustering | |
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| (5) Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) based Drug Clustering | (6) Topological Polar Surface Area (polararea) based Drug Clustering | |
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| "RO5" indicates the cutoff set by lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in GREEN denotes the no violation of any cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in PURPLE refers to the violation of only one cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in BLACK represents the violation of more than one cutoffs in lipinski's rule of five | ||
| Co-Targets | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co-Targets | ||||||
| Target Poor or Non Binders | Top | |||||
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| Target Poor or Non Binders | ||||||
| Target Profiles in Patients | Top | |||||
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| Target Expression Profile (TEP) | ||||||
| Target Affiliated Biological Pathways | Top | |||||
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| BioCyc | [+] 2 BioCyc Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | Methylglyoxal degradation III | |||||
| 2 | Acetone degradation I (to methylglyoxal) | |||||
| KEGG Pathway | [+] 5 KEGG Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | Pentose and glucuronate interconversions | |||||
| 2 | Fructose and mannose metabolism | |||||
| 3 | Galactose metabolism | |||||
| 4 | Glycerolipid metabolism | |||||
| 5 | Metabolic pathways | |||||
| NetPath Pathway | [+] 2 NetPath Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | IL1 Signaling Pathway | |||||
| 2 | TGF_beta_Receptor Signaling Pathway | |||||
| Pathwhiz Pathway | [+] 5 Pathwhiz Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | Fructose and Mannose Degradation | |||||
| 2 | Pyruvate Metabolism | |||||
| 3 | Pterine Biosynthesis | |||||
| 4 | Glycerolipid Metabolism | |||||
| 5 | Galactose Metabolism | |||||
| WikiPathways | [+] 3 WikiPathways | + | ||||
| 1 | Metapathway biotransformation | |||||
| 2 | Polyol Pathway | |||||
| 3 | Metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamin D | |||||
| Target-Related Models and Studies | Top | |||||
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| Target Validation | ||||||
| Target QSAR Model | ||||||
| References | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| REF 1 | Inhibition of human lens aldose reductase by flavonoids, sulindac and indomethacin. Biochem Pharmacol. 1983 Jul 1;32(13):1995-8. | |||||
| REF 2 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5425). | |||||
| REF 3 | New drugs in development for the treatment of endometriosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Aug;17(8):1187-202. | |||||
| REF 4 | Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77. | |||||
| REF 5 | X-ray structure of the V301L aldo-keto reductase 1B10 complexed with NADP(+) and the potent aldose reductase inhibitor fidarestat: implications for inhibitor binding and selectivity. Chem Biol Interact. 2013 Feb 25;202(1-3):178-85. | |||||
| REF 6 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00101426) Safety and Efficacy of AS-3201 in the Treatment of Diabetic Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 7 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02332005) 12-Month Efficacy and Safety of Diepalrestat in Adults With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, a DB, Placebo-Controlled Study (DE-DPN). U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 8 | Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) | |||||
| REF 9 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000031) | |||||
| REF 10 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00252148) Safety and Immunogenicity of a Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) HIV Vaccine in HIV Uninfected Adults. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 11 | Phase 1 safety and immunogenicity evaluation of ADMVA, a multigenic, modified vaccinia Ankara-HIV-1 B'/C candidate vaccine. PLoS One. 2010 Jan 25;5(1):e8816. | |||||
| REF 12 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7411). | |||||
| REF 13 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00043797) Lidorestat (IDD 676) for the Treatment of Diabetic Neuropathy. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 14 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00568035) Safety and Efficacy Study of QR-333 in Patient's With Symptomatic Diabetic Neuropathy. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 15 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800029470) | |||||
| REF 16 | Metabolism of the aldose reductase inhibitor ALO1567 in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1991 Aug;32(2):221-7. | |||||
| REF 17 | The pipeline and future of drug development in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;12(10):904-22. | |||||
| REF 18 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000017) | |||||
| REF 19 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000020) | |||||
| REF 20 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003006) | |||||
| REF 21 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800001300) | |||||
| REF 22 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800011583) | |||||
| REF 23 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800017463) | |||||
| REF 24 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7419). | |||||
| REF 25 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800001173) | |||||
| REF 26 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800032059) | |||||
| REF 27 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800004685) | |||||
| REF 28 | Studies on WF-3681, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor. IV. Effect of FR-62765, a derivative of WF-3681, on the diabetic neuropathy in rats. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1991 Apr;44(4):441-4. | |||||
| REF 29 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7415). | |||||
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