Target Information

Target General Information

Top

Target ID

T45993 (Former ID: TTDS00163)

Target Name

Calcium channel unspecific (CaC)

Gene Name

NO-GeName

Target Type

Successful target

[1]

Disease

[+] 4 Target-related Diseases

Angina pectoris [ICD-11: BA40]

Coronary vasospastic disease [ICD-11: BA85]

Essential hypertension [ICD-11: BA00]

Hypertension [ICD-11: BA00-BA04]

UniProt ID

NOUNIPROTAC

Drugs and Modes of Action

Top

Approved Drug(s)

[+] 3 Approved Drugs

Clevidipine butyrate

Drug Info

Approved

Hypertension

[10], [11]

Nicardipine

Drug Info

Approved

High blood pressure

[12], [13]

Nisoldipine

Drug Info

Approved

Hypertension

[14], [15]

Clinical Trial Drug(s)

[+] 10 Clinical Trial Drugs

DIPROTEVERINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Drug Info

Phase 3

Angina pectoris

[16]

Arverapamil

Drug Info

Phase 2

Irritable bowel syndrome

[17]

ATI-2042

Drug Info

Phase 2

Atrial fibrillation

[18]

HBI-3000

Drug Info

Phase 2

Heart arrhythmia

[19]

Nexopamil

Drug Info

Phase 2

Hypertension

[20]

S-2150

Drug Info

Phase 2

Angina pectoris

[21]

DSP-0565

Drug Info

Phase 1

Epilepsy

[23]

Elpetrigine

Drug Info

Phase 1

Bipolar disorder

[24]

Tetrandrine

Drug Info

Phase 1

Sarcoma

[25]

YM-16151-4

Drug Info

Phase 1

Hypertension

[26]

Discontinued Drug(s)

[+] 51 Discontinued Drugs

AE-0047

Drug Info

Discontinued in Preregistration

Hypertension

[27]

Monatepil maleate

Drug Info

Discontinued in Preregistration

Angina pectoris

[28]

Palonidipine hydrochloride

Drug Info

Discontinued in Preregistration

Hypertension

[29]

Semotiadil

Drug Info

Discontinued in Preregistration

Hypertension

[30]

Anipamil

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 3

Hypertension

[31]

ELGODIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 3

Angina pectoris

[32]

S-12968

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 3

Hypertension

[33]

AM336

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Pain

[34]

BRL-32872A

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Cardiac arrhythmias

[35]

CD-349

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Hypertension

[36]

Dopropidil

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Angina pectoris

[37]

FLOSATIDIL

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Angina pectoris

[38]

Levosemotiadil

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Cardiac arrhythmias

[39]

Lifarizine

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Nerve injury

[40]

S-312-d

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Epilepsy

[41]

TAMOLARIZINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 2

Cognitive impairment

[42]

CEREBROCRAST

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Nerve injury

[43]

CERM-11956

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Angina pectoris

[44]

IGANIDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Glaucoma/ocular hypertension

[45]

KT-362

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Heart arrhythmia

[46]

NP-252

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Hypertension

[47]

SM-6586

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Hypertension

[48]

SR-33805

Drug Info

Discontinued in Phase 1

Angina pectoris

[49]

AHR-16303B

Drug Info

Terminated

Hypertension

[53]

AHR-16462B

Drug Info

Terminated

Hypertension

[54]

AJ-3941

Drug Info

Terminated

Cerebrovascular ischaemia

[55]

CD-832

Drug Info

Terminated

Angina pectoris

[56]

Clentiazem

Drug Info

Terminated

Angina pectoris

[57]

Darodipine

Drug Info

Terminated

Cerebrovascular ischaemia

[58]

DHP-218

Drug Info

Terminated

Hypertension

[59]

Emopamil

Drug Info

Terminated

Cerebrovascular ischaemia

[60]

LAS-30538

Drug Info

Terminated

Hyperinsulinemia

[61]

Naltiazem hydrochloride

Drug Info

Terminated

Angina pectoris

[62]

NNC-09-0026

Drug Info

Terminated

Cerebrovascular ischaemia

[63]

NS-638

Drug Info

Terminated

Cerebrovascular ischaemia

[64]

NS-649

Drug Info

Terminated

Alzheimer disease

[65]

NS-696

Drug Info

Terminated

Epilepsy

[66]

Pranidipine

Drug Info

Terminated

Angina pectoris

[67]

RS-93522

Drug Info

Terminated

Hypertension

[68]

RWJ-22108

Drug Info

Terminated

Allergy

[69]

SB-206284A

Drug Info

Terminated

Cerebrovascular ischaemia

[70]

SB-237376

Drug Info

Terminated

Arrhythmia

[71]

SDZ-249482

Drug Info

Terminated

Pain

[72]

SIM-6080

Drug Info

Terminated

Angina pectoris

[73]

Siratiazem

Drug Info

Terminated

Angina pectoris

[74]

SKF-96365

Drug Info

Terminated

Angina pectoris

[75], [76]

SQ-33351

Drug Info

Terminated

Hypertension

[77]

UK-51656

Drug Info

Terminated

Cardiovascular disease

[78]

VUF-8929

Drug Info

Terminated

Heart failure

[79]

Z-6568

Drug Info

Terminated

Hypertension

[80]

ZM-224832

Drug Info

Terminated

Hypertension

[81]

Preclinical Drug(s)

[+] 1 Preclinical Drugs

Rycals

Drug Info

Preclinical

Heart failure

[50]

Mode of Action

[+] 5 Modes of Action

Modulator

[+] 46 Modulator drugs

Clevidipine butyrate

Drug Info

[10], [11]

Arverapamil

Drug Info

[86]

S-2150

Drug Info

[21]

DSP-0565

Drug Info

[89]

YM-16151-4

Drug Info

[26]

AE-0047

Drug Info

[92]

Monatepil maleate

Drug Info

[93]

Palonidipine hydrochloride

Drug Info

[94]

Anipamil

Drug Info

[96]

AM336

Drug Info

[99]

BRL-32872A

Drug Info

[100], [101]

CD-349

Drug Info

[102]

Dopropidil

Drug Info

[103]

Levosemotiadil

Drug Info

[104]

KT-362

Drug Info

[111]

SR-33805

Drug Info

[114]

Rycals

Drug Info

[115]

AHR-16303B

Drug Info

[53]

AHR-16462B

Drug Info

[116]

AJ-3941

Drug Info

[117]

CD-832

Drug Info

[118]

Clentiazem

Drug Info

[119], [120], [121]

Darodipine

Drug Info

[122]

DHP-218

Drug Info

[123]

Emopamil

Drug Info

[60]

LAS-30538

Drug Info

[61]

NNC-09-0026

Drug Info

[125]

NS-638

Drug Info

[126]

NS-649

Drug Info

[127]

NS-696

Drug Info

[128]

Pranidipine

Drug Info

[129]

RWJ-22108

Drug Info

[131]

SB-206284A

Drug Info

[132]

SB-237376

Drug Info

[71]

SDZ-249482

Drug Info

[133]

Siratiazem

Drug Info

[135]

SKF-96365

Drug Info

[136]

SQ-33351

Drug Info

[137]

UK-51656

Drug Info

[138]

VUF-8929

Drug Info

[139]

Z-6568

Drug Info

[140]

ZM-224832

Drug Info

[141]

AGN-190744

Drug Info

[142]

BELFOSDIL

Drug Info

[143]

CD-832.HCL

Drug Info

[144]

leualacin

Drug Info

[145]

Blocker

[+] 16 Blocker drugs

Nicardipine

Drug Info

[82]

Nisoldipine

Drug Info

[83]

HBI-3000

Drug Info

[88]

Nexopamil

Drug Info

[20]

Elpetrigine

Drug Info

[90]

Semotiadil

Drug Info

[95]

S-12968

Drug Info

[98]

Lifarizine

Drug Info

[85], [105]

S-312-d

Drug Info

[106]

TAMOLARIZINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Drug Info

[85], [107]

IGANIDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Drug Info

[85], [110]

NP-252

Drug Info

[85], [112]

Naltiazem hydrochloride

Drug Info

[124], [85]

RS-93522

Drug Info

[130], [85]

SIM-6080

Drug Info

[134], [85]

TELUDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Drug Info

[146], [85]

Antagonist

[+] 5 Antagonist drugs

DIPROTEVERINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Drug Info

[84], [85]

Tetrandrine

Drug Info

[91]

FLOSATIDIL

Drug Info

[85]

CERM-11956

Drug Info

[85], [109]

SM-6586

Drug Info

[113]

Agonist

[+] 2 Agonist drugs

ATI-2042

Drug Info

[87]

ELGODIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Drug Info

[85], [97]

Inhibitor

[+] 1 Inhibitor drugs

CEREBROCRAST

Drug Info

[85], [108]

Drug Property Profile of Target

Top

(1) Molecular Weight (mw) based Drug Clustering

(2) Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (xlogp) based Drug Clustering

(3) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) based Drug Clustering

(4) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) based Drug Clustering

(5) Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) based Drug Clustering

(6) Topological Polar Surface Area (polararea) based Drug Clustering

"RO5" indicates the cutoff set by lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in GREEN denotes the no violation of any cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in PURPLE refers to the violation of only one cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in BLACK represents the violation of more than one cutoffs in lipinski's rule of five

Co-Targets

Top

Co-Targets

Co-Targets Info

Target-Related Models and Studies

Top

Target Validation

Target Validation Info

Target QSAR Model

References

Top

REF 1

Influence of bupropion and calcium channel antagonists on the nicotine-induced memory-related response of mice in the elevated plus maze. Pharmacol Rep. 2009 Mar-Apr;61(2):236-44.

REF 2

URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2523).

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FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 075896.

REF 6

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New antiarrhythmic agents for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2005 May;10(2):311-22.

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FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 077169.

REF 10

2008 FDA drug approvals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2009 Feb;8(2):93-6.

REF 11

Clevidipine: a short-acting intravenous dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker for the management of hypertension. Pharmacotherapy. 2010 May;30(5):515-28.

REF 12

REF 13

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 022276.

REF 14

REF 15

FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 079051.

REF 16

Diproteverine (BRL 40015): a new type of calcium antagonist with potential antianginal properties. Eur J Pharmacol. 1991 Jan 17;192(3):317-27.

REF 17

Emerging drugs for irritable bowel syndrome. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2006 May;11(2):293-313.

REF 18

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00389792) Efficacy and Safety Study of an Antiarrhythmic Drug to Treat Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Pacemakers. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 19

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01235156) Efficacy and Safety of Sulcardine Sulfate Tablets in Patients With Premature Ventricular Contractions. U.S. National Institutes of Health.

REF 20

Inhibition by the combined Ca2+ and 5-HT2 receptor antagonist nexopamil (LU 49938) of intracoronary thrombus formation in a canine model of arterial stenosis and intimal damage. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1993 Nov;22(5):687-94.

REF 21

Pharmacodynamics of S-2150, a simultaneous calcium-blocking and alpha1-inhibiting antihypertensive drug, in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2000 Mar;52(3):273-80.

REF 22

Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of CalciMedica (2011).

REF 23

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800035668)

REF 24

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800027454)

REF 25

Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)

REF 26

Antianginal effects of YM-16151-4 in various experimental angina models. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1993 May;21(5):701-8.

REF 27

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800001931)

REF 28

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800001558)

REF 29

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800001157)

REF 30

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000198)

REF 31

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000258)

REF 32

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000324)

REF 33

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000221)

REF 34

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800013107)

REF 35

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000403)

REF 36

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000220)

REF 37

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000432)

REF 38

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800005965)

REF 39

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800005516)

REF 40

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003892)

REF 41

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002235)

REF 42

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000299)

REF 43

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800006562)

REF 44

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000166)

REF 45

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000292)

REF 46

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000337)

REF 47

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000291)

REF 48

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002576)

REF 49

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002436)

REF 50

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800030217)

REF 51

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800008896)

REF 52

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800016308)

REF 53

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REF 54

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000297)

REF 55

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002238)

REF 56

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800001566)

REF 57

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000188)

REF 58

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000417)

REF 59

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000422)

REF 60

Calcium entry and 5-HT2 receptor blockade in oliguric ischaemic acute renal failure: effects of levemopamil in conscious rats. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Mar;117(6):1348-54.

REF 61

The calcium channel blocker LAS 30538, unlike nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem or flunarizine, potently inhibits insulin secretion in-vivo in rats and dogs. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1992 Oct;44(10):851-5.

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Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000300)

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Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003940)

REF 64

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800005354)

REF 65

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800005353)

REF 66

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800005355)

REF 67

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000287)

REF 68

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002793)

REF 69

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002359)

REF 70

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800007384)

REF 71

Electrophysiologic effects of SB-237376: a new antiarrhythmic compound with dual potassium and calcium channel blocking action. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2003 Mar;41(3):414-21.

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Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800010408)

REF 73

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000149)

REF 74

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800001949)

REF 75

REF 76

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800000362)

REF 77

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002577)

REF 78

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003366)

REF 79

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800009533)

REF 80

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800007046)

REF 81

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800002886)

REF 82

Effect of intracoronary nicardipine on cardiac enzymes after elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Clin Cardiol. 2009 Jun;32(6):315-20.

REF 83

RT-PCR and pharmacological analysis of L-and T-type calcium channels in rat carotid body. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2009;648:105-12.

REF 84

Prenatal toxicity studies in rats and rabbits with the calcium channel blocker diproteverine. Reprod Toxicol. 1996 Jan-Feb;10(1):43-9.

REF 85

Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015

REF 86

BJMP 2010;3(4):a342

REF 87

Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)

REF 88

Electrophysiological properties of HBI-3000: a new antiarrhythmic agent with multiple-channel blocking properties in human ventricular myocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2011 Jan;57(1):79-85.

REF 89

Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800035668)

REF 90

Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of Jazz Pharmaceuticals.

REF 91

Tetrandrine: a novel calcium channel antagonist inhibits type I calcium channels in neuroblastoma cells. Neuropharmacology. 1991 Dec;30(12A):1325-31.

REF 92

AE0047-mediated calcium channel blocking in vascular smooth muscles. Gen Pharmacol. 1997 Sep;29(3):337-43.

REF 93

Antihypertensive, antiatherosclerotic, and plasma lipid-lowering effects of monatepil, a novel calcium antagonist with alpha 1-adrenoceptor-blocking activity in experimental animals. Am J Hypertens. 1994 Oct;7(10 Pt 2):131S-40S.

REF 94

Effect of palonidipine hydrochloride (TC-81), a novel calcium antagonist, on the canine coronary artery. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1993 Jul;102(1):23-33.

REF 95

Thyroid hypertrophic effect of semotiadil fumarate, a new calcium antagonist, in rats. J Toxicol Sci. 2000 May;25(2):121-30.

REF 96

Effects of the novel calcium channel blocker, anipamil, on the isolated rabbit heart. Comparison with verapamil and gallopamil. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1992 Sep;346(3):339-44.

REF 97

The calcium channel blocker amlodipine exerts its anti-proliferative action via p21(Waf1/Cip1) gene activation. FASEB J. 2004 Oct;18(13):1516-23.

REF 98

(+)-S-12967 and (-)-S-12968: 1,4-dihydropyridine stereoisomers with calcium channel agonistic and antagonistic properties in rat resistance arteries. Br J Pharmacol. 1991 Jul;103(3):1703-8.

REF 99

Intravenous injection of leconotide, an omega conotoxin: synergistic antihyperalgesic effects with morphine in a rat model of bone cancer pain.Pain Med.2011 Jun;12(6):923-41.

REF 100

Combined potassium and calcium channel blocking activities as a basis for antiarrhythmic efficacy with low proarrhythmic risk: experimental profile... J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Feb;276(2):637-46.

REF 101

The antiarrhythmic drug BRL-32872.Cardiovasc Drug Rev.2002 Summer;20(2):111-20.

REF 102

A new Ca-antagonist, CD-349, binding to the Ca-channel of rat myocardium and brain and hog coronary artery. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1988 Dec;48(4):453-62.

REF 103

Effects of bepridil and CERM 4205 (ORG 30701) on the relation between cardiac cycle length and QT duration in healthy volunteers. Am J Cardiol. 1990 Sep 1;66(5):636-41.

REF 104

Binding study of semotiadil and levosemotiadil with alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein using high-performance frontal analysis. Anal Biochem. 1999 Oct 1;274(1):27-33.

REF 105

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