Target Information
Target General Information | Top | |||||
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Target ID |
T60529
(Former ID: TTDS00040)
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Target Name |
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 (COX-1)
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Synonyms |
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1; Prostaglandin H2 synthase 1; PHS 1; PGHS-1; PGH synthase 1; Cyclooxygenase-1; COX1; COX-1
Click to Show/Hide
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Gene Name |
PTGS1
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Target Type |
Successful target
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[1] | ||||
Disease | [+] 12 Target-related Diseases | + | ||||
1 | Eye anterior segment structural developmental anomaly [ICD-11: LA11] | |||||
2 | Female pelvic pain [ICD-11: GA34] | |||||
3 | Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [ICD-11: 5C80] | |||||
4 | Indeterminate colitis [ICD-11: DD72] | |||||
5 | Nutritional deficiency [ICD-11: 5B50-5B71] | |||||
6 | Osteoarthritis [ICD-11: FA00-FA05] | |||||
7 | Pain [ICD-11: MG30-MG3Z] | |||||
8 | Postoperative inflammation [ICD-11: 1A00-CA43] | |||||
9 | Rheumatoid arthritis [ICD-11: FA20] | |||||
10 | Seborrhoeic dermatitis [ICD-11: EA81] | |||||
11 | Tuberculosis [ICD-11: 1B10-1B12] | |||||
12 | Ulcerative colitis [ICD-11: DD71] | |||||
Function |
Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis. Involved in the constitutive production of prostanoids in particular in the stomach and platelets. In gastric epithelial cells, it is a key step in the generation of prostaglandins, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which plays an important role in cytoprotection. In platelets, it is involved in the generation of thromboxane A2 (TXA2), which promotes platelet activation and aggregation, vasoconstriction and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells.
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BioChemical Class |
Paired donor oxygen oxidoreductase
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UniProt ID | ||||||
EC Number |
EC 1.14.99.1
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Sequence |
MSRSLLLWFLLFLLLLPPLPVLLADPGAPTPVNPCCYYPCQHQGICVRFGLDRYQCDCTR
TGYSGPNCTIPGLWTWLRNSLRPSPSFTHFLLTHGRWFWEFVNATFIREMLMRLVLTVRS NLIPSPPTYNSAHDYISWESFSNVSYYTRILPSVPKDCPTPMGTKGKKQLPDAQLLARRF LLRRKFIPDPQGTNLMFAFFAQHFTHQFFKTSGKMGPGFTKALGHGVDLGHIYGDNLERQ YQLRLFKDGKLKYQVLDGEMYPPSVEEAPVLMHYPRGIPPQSQMAVGQEVFGLLPGLMLY ATLWLREHNRVCDLLKAEHPTWGDEQLFQTTRLILIGETIKIVIEEYVQQLSGYFLQLKF DPELLFGVQFQYRNRIAMEFNHLYHWHPLMPDSFKVGSQEYSYEQFLFNTSMLVDYGVEA LVDAFSRQIAGRIGGGRNMDHHILHVAVDVIRESREMRLQPFNEYRKRFGMKPYTSFQEL VGEKEMAAELEELYGDIDALEFYPGLLLEKCHPNSIFGESMIEIGAPFSLKGLLGNPICS PEYWKPSTFGGEVGFNIVKTATLKKLVCLNTKTCPYVSFRVPDASQDDGPAVERPSTEL Click to Show/Hide
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3D Structure | Click to Show 3D Structure of This Target | PDB | ||||
ADReCS ID | BADD_A05962 | |||||
HIT2.0 ID | T00CXT |
Drugs and Modes of Action | Top | |||||
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Approved Drug(s) | [+] 13 Approved Drugs | + | ||||
1 | Aminosalicylic Acid | Drug Info | Approved | Pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis | [2] | |
2 | Balsalazide | Drug Info | Approved | Inflammatory bowel disease | [4] | |
3 | Bromfenac | Drug Info | Approved | Postoperative inflammation | [5], [6] | |
4 | Eicosapentaenoic acid/docosa-hexaenoic acid | Drug Info | Approved | Hypertriglyceridemia | [7] | |
5 | FENBUFEN | Drug Info | Approved | Arthritis | [2] | |
6 | Flufenamic Acid | Drug Info | Approved | Dysmenorrhea | [2], [8] | |
7 | Gamma-Homolinolenic acid | Drug Info | Approved | Malnutrition | [9] | |
8 | Meclofenamate Sodium | Drug Info | Approved | Arthritis | [2] | |
9 | Mesalazine | Drug Info | Approved | Ulcerative colitis | [10], [11] | |
10 | Naproxen | Drug Info | Approved | Osteoarthritis | [2] | |
11 | Piroxicam | Drug Info | Approved | Pain | [12], [13] | |
12 | Salicyclic acid | Drug Info | Approved | Seborrhoeic dermatitis | [2], [14], [15] | |
13 | Suprofen | Drug Info | Approved | Miosis | [2], [16], [17] | |
Clinical Trial Drug(s) | [+] 5 Clinical Trial Drugs | + | ||||
1 | (S)-FLURBIPROFEN | Drug Info | Preregistration | Myalgia | [18] | |
2 | Curcumin | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Solid tumour/cancer | [20], [21] | |
3 | ThermoProfen | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Pain | [22] | |
4 | EPICATECHIN | Drug Info | Phase 1/2 | Duchenne dystrophy | [23] | |
5 | EXO-230 | Drug Info | Phase 1/2 | Diabetic neuropathy | [24] | |
Discontinued Drug(s) | [+] 6 Discontinued Drugs | + | ||||
1 | INDOPROFEN | Drug Info | Withdrawn from market | Gout | [2] | |
2 | Metamizole | Drug Info | Withdrawn from market | Pain | [2] | |
3 | Phenacetin | Drug Info | Withdrawn from market | Analgesia | [25], [26] | |
4 | CRx-401 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Type-2 diabetes | [27] | |
5 | TEBUFELONE | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Pain | [28] | |
6 | ATLIPROFEN METHYL ESTER | Drug Info | Terminated | Inflammation | [29] | |
Mode of Action | [+] 3 Modes of Action | + | ||||
Modulator | [+] 5 Modulator drugs | + | ||||
1 | Aminosalicylic Acid | Drug Info | [30] | |||
2 | Meclofenamate Sodium | Drug Info | [39] | |||
3 | Piroxicam | Drug Info | [30] | |||
4 | ATLIPROFEN METHYL ESTER | Drug Info | [30] | |||
5 | Nitroflurbiprofen | Drug Info | [85], [86], [87] | |||
Inhibitor | [+] 115 Inhibitor drugs | + | ||||
1 | Balsalazide | Drug Info | [31] | |||
2 | Bromfenac | Drug Info | [32] | |||
3 | Eicosapentaenoic acid/docosa-hexaenoic acid | Drug Info | [33] | |||
4 | FENBUFEN | Drug Info | [34] | |||
5 | Flufenamic Acid | Drug Info | [35] | |||
6 | Gamma-Homolinolenic acid | Drug Info | [36], [37], [38] | |||
7 | Mesalazine | Drug Info | [1] | |||
8 | Naproxen | Drug Info | [40] | |||
9 | Salicyclic acid | Drug Info | [41] | |||
10 | Suprofen | Drug Info | [42] | |||
11 | IMRECOXIB | Drug Info | [43] | |||
12 | (S)-FLURBIPROFEN | Drug Info | [44] | |||
13 | Curcumin | Drug Info | [45] | |||
14 | ThermoProfen | Drug Info | [46] | |||
15 | EPICATECHIN | Drug Info | [47] | |||
16 | Carbamate derivative 2 | Drug Info | [49] | |||
17 | INDOPROFEN | Drug Info | [44] | |||
18 | Metamizole | Drug Info | [50] | |||
19 | Phenacetin | Drug Info | [51] | |||
20 | CRx-401 | Drug Info | [52] | |||
21 | TEBUFELONE | Drug Info | [53] | |||
22 | SC-58451 | Drug Info | [54] | |||
23 | (-)-3-O-acetylspectaline | Drug Info | [55] | |||
24 | (11H-Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxepin-2-yl)-acetic acid | Drug Info | [56] | |||
25 | (11H-Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxepin-8-yl)-acetic acid | Drug Info | [56] | |||
26 | (3-Chloro-4-Propoxy-Phenyl)-Acetic Acid | Drug Info | [57] | |||
27 | (R)-2-(4-Isobutyl-phenyl)-N-phenyl-propionamide | Drug Info | [44] | |||
28 | (Z)-2'-des-methyl sulindac sulfide | Drug Info | [58] | |||
29 | 1,2-dihydro-3-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)naphthalene | Drug Info | [59] | |||
30 | 1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-p-tolylurea | Drug Info | [60] | |||
31 | 1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-phenylurea | Drug Info | [60] | |||
32 | 1-(4-aminosulfonylphenyl)-2-(4-pyridyl)acetylene | Drug Info | [61] | |||
33 | 2'-epi-guianin | Drug Info | [62] | |||
34 | 2,4'-Dimethoxy-5,3'-di-(2-propenyl)-biphenyl | Drug Info | [63] | |||
35 | 2-(1,1'-Biphenyl-4-Yl)Propanoic Acid | Drug Info | [57], [64] | |||
36 | 2-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-indene | Drug Info | [59] | |||
37 | 2-(2-(2,6-dimethylphenylamino)phenyl)acetic acid | Drug Info | [65] | |||
38 | 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1H-indene | Drug Info | [59] | |||
39 | 2-(2-Methylpropanoyl)-1,3,5-benzenetriol | Drug Info | [66] | |||
40 | 2-(3'-Allyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-propionic acid | Drug Info | [67] | |||
41 | 2-(3'-Ethyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-propionic acid | Drug Info | [67] | |||
42 | 2-(3'-Ethylsulfanyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-propionic acid | Drug Info | [67] | |||
43 | 2-(3-Phenyl-propyl)-1,2-dihydro-indazol-3-one | Drug Info | [68] | |||
44 | 2-(N-(2-Ffuorophenyl)pyrrol-3-yl) acetic acid | Drug Info | [69] | |||
45 | 2-(N-(2-fluorophenyl)pyrrol-2-yl) acetic acid | Drug Info | [69] | |||
46 | 2-(p-Methylsulfonylbenzoyl)furan | Drug Info | [70] | |||
47 | 2-Benzyl-1,2-dihydro-indazol-3-one | Drug Info | [68] | |||
48 | 2-Bromoacetyl Group | Drug Info | [71] | |||
49 | 2-Furan-2-ylmethyl-1,2-dihydro-indazol-3-one | Drug Info | [68] | |||
50 | 2-Phenethyl-1,2-dihydro-indazol-3-one | Drug Info | [68] | |||
51 | 2-Phenyl-1,2-dihydro-indazol-3-one | Drug Info | [68] | |||
52 | 2-[4-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-phenyl]-propionic acid | Drug Info | [67] | |||
53 | 3-(4-Methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-1-phenyl-propynone | Drug Info | [72] | |||
54 | 4'-Methoxy-5,3'-dipropyl-biphenyl-2ol | Drug Info | [63] | |||
55 | 4,5-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,2-selenazole | Drug Info | [73] | |||
56 | 4,5-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)isothiazole | Drug Info | [74] | |||
57 | 4,5-Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-selenazole | Drug Info | [73] | |||
58 | 4,5-Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione | Drug Info | [74] | |||
59 | 4,5-Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)isothiazole | Drug Info | [74] | |||
60 | 4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)isothiazole | Drug Info | [74] | |||
61 | 4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-5-p-tolyl-1,2-selenazole | Drug Info | [73] | |||
62 | 4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-5-p-tolyl-3H-1,2-dithiol-3-one | Drug Info | [74] | |||
63 | 4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-5-p-tolylisothiazole | Drug Info | [74] | |||
64 | 4-(5-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)isothiazol-4-yl)phenol | Drug Info | [74] | |||
65 | 4-amino-N-(4-chlorophenyl)benzenesulfonamide | Drug Info | [75] | |||
66 | 4-amino-N-p-tolylbenzenesulfonamide | Drug Info | [75] | |||
67 | 5,3'-Dipropyl-biphenyl-2,4'-diol | Drug Info | [63] | |||
68 | 5-(2-1H-indenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole | Drug Info | [59] | |||
69 | 5-(2-Imidazol-1-yl-ethyl)-7,8-dihydro-quinoline | Drug Info | [76] | |||
70 | 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)isothiazole | Drug Info | [74] | |||
71 | 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-p-tolyl-1,2-selenazole | Drug Info | [73] | |||
72 | 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-p-tolyl-3H-1,2-dithiol-3-one | Drug Info | [74] | |||
73 | 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-p-tolylisothiazole | Drug Info | [74] | |||
74 | 5-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-p-tolyl-1,2-selenazole | Drug Info | [73] | |||
75 | 5-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-p-tolylisothiazole | Drug Info | [74] | |||
76 | 5-Ethyl-3,4-diphenyl-isoxazole | Drug Info | [77] | |||
77 | 5-Methyl-3,4-diphenyl-isoxazole | Drug Info | [77] | |||
78 | 5-Phenyl-pentanoic acid benzyl-hydroxy-amide | Drug Info | [78] | |||
79 | Acetic acid 2-hept-2-ynylsulfanyl-phenyl ester | Drug Info | [79] | |||
80 | Acetic acid 2-hept-3-ynylsulfanyl-phenyl ester | Drug Info | [79] | |||
81 | Acetic acid 2-heptylselanyl-phenyl ester | Drug Info | [79] | |||
82 | Acetic acid 2-hex-2-ynylsulfanyl-phenyl ester | Drug Info | [79] | |||
83 | Acetic acid 2-hexylsulfanyl-phenyl ester | Drug Info | [79] | |||
84 | Acetic acid 2-pentylsulfanyl-phenyl ester | Drug Info | [79] | |||
85 | Acetic Acid Salicyloyl-Amino-Ester | Drug Info | [57] | |||
86 | Alpha-D-Mannose | Drug Info | [71] | |||
87 | Arachidonic Acid | Drug Info | [71] | |||
88 | B-Octylglucoside | Drug Info | [71] | |||
89 | Beta-D-Glucose | Drug Info | [71] | |||
90 | Beta-D-Mannose | Drug Info | [71] | |||
91 | DEMETHOXYCURCUMIN | Drug Info | [45] | |||
92 | FR122047 | Drug Info | [80] | |||
93 | HONOKIOL | Drug Info | [63] | |||
94 | Hyperforin | Drug Info | [81] | |||
95 | IODOINDOMETHACIN | Drug Info | [64] | |||
96 | IODOSUPROFEN | Drug Info | [64] | |||
97 | METHYLHONOKIOL | Drug Info | [63] | |||
98 | N-(1H-indazol-5-yl)acetamide | Drug Info | [82] | |||
99 | N-(3-(phenylthio)pyridin-4-yl)methanesulfonamide | Drug Info | [83] | |||
100 | N-(3-phenoxy-4-pyridinyl)ethanesulfonamide | Drug Info | [84] | |||
101 | N-(3-phenoxy-4-pyridinyl)propanesulfonamide | Drug Info | [84] | |||
102 | N-(3-phenylamino-4-pyridinyl)methanesulfonamide | Drug Info | [83] | |||
103 | O-Acetylserine | Drug Info | [71] | |||
104 | Oxametacin | Drug Info | [88] | |||
105 | P-(2'-Iodo-5'-Thenoyl)Hydrotropic Acid | Drug Info | [57] | |||
106 | Phenazone | Drug Info | [89] | |||
107 | PHENIDONE | Drug Info | [68] | |||
108 | Prifelone | Drug Info | [90] | |||
109 | Primary alcohol metabolite of celecoxib | Drug Info | [91] | |||
110 | Protoporphyrin Ix Containing Co | Drug Info | [71] | |||
111 | RESORCINOL | Drug Info | [47] | |||
112 | Resveratrol Potassium3-Sulfate | Drug Info | [92] | |||
113 | Resveratrol Potassium4,-Sulfate | Drug Info | [92] | |||
114 | SC-560 | Drug Info | [93] | |||
115 | TRL-382 | Drug Info | [94] | |||
Agonist | [+] 1 Agonist drugs | + | ||||
1 | EXO-230 | Drug Info | [48] |
Cell-based Target Expression Variations | Top | |||||
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Cell-based Target Expression Variations |
Different Human System Profiles of Target | Top |
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Human Similarity Proteins
of target is determined by comparing the sequence similarity of all human proteins with the target based on BLAST. The similarity proteins for a target are defined as the proteins with E-value < 0.005 and outside the protein families of the target.
A target that has fewer human similarity proteins outside its family is commonly regarded to possess a greater capacity to avoid undesired interactions and thus increase the possibility of finding successful drugs
(Brief Bioinform, 21: 649-662, 2020).
Human Tissue Distribution
of target is determined from a proteomics study that quantified more than 12,000 genes across 32 normal human tissues. Tissue Specificity (TS) score was used to define the enrichment of target across tissues.
The distribution of targets among different tissues or organs need to be taken into consideration when assessing the target druggability, as it is generally accepted that the wider the target distribution, the greater the concern over potential adverse effects
(Nat Rev Drug Discov, 20: 64-81, 2021).
Human Pathway Affiliation
of target is determined by the life-essential pathways provided on KEGG database. The target-affiliated pathways were defined based on the following two criteria (a) the pathways of the studied target should be life-essential for both healthy individuals and patients, and (b) the studied target should occupy an upstream position in the pathways and therefore had the ability to regulate biological function.
Targets involved in a fewer pathways have greater likelihood to be successfully developed, while those associated with more human pathways increase the chance of undesirable interferences with other human processes
(Pharmacol Rev, 58: 259-279, 2006).
Biological Network Descriptors
of target is determined based on a human protein-protein interactions (PPI) network consisting of 9,309 proteins and 52,713 PPIs, which were with a high confidence score of ≥ 0.95 collected from STRING database.
The network properties of targets based on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been widely adopted for the assessment of target’s druggability. Proteins with high node degree tend to have a high impact on network function through multiple interactions, while proteins with high betweenness centrality are regarded to be central for communication in interaction networks and regulate the flow of signaling information
(Front Pharmacol, 9, 1245, 2018;
Curr Opin Struct Biol. 44:134-142, 2017).
Human Similarity Proteins
Human Tissue Distribution
Human Pathway Affiliation
Biological Network Descriptors
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Protein Name | Pfam ID | Percentage of Identity (%) | E value |
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Neurexin-2 (NRXN2) | 38.095 (24/63) | 6.96E-05 |
Note:
If a protein has TS (tissue specficity) scores at least in one tissue >= 2.5, this protein is called tissue-enriched (including tissue-enriched-but-not-specific and tissue-specific). In the plots, the vertical lines are at thresholds 2.5 and 4.
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KEGG Pathway | Pathway ID | Affiliated Target | Pathway Map |
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Arachidonic acid metabolism | hsa00590 | Affiliated Target |
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Class: Metabolism => Lipid metabolism | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
Platelet activation | hsa04611 | Affiliated Target |
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Class: Organismal Systems => Immune system | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
Serotonergic synapse | hsa04726 | Affiliated Target |
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Class: Organismal Systems => Nervous system | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
Regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes | hsa04923 | Affiliated Target |
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Class: Organismal Systems => Endocrine system | Pathway Hierarchy |
Degree | 8 | Degree centrality | 8.59E-04 | Betweenness centrality | 4.06E-05 |
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Closeness centrality | 1.92E-01 | Radiality | 1.33E+01 | Clustering coefficient | 2.14E-01 |
Neighborhood connectivity | 7.13E+00 | Topological coefficient | 2.01E-01 | Eccentricity | 12 |
Download | Click to Download the Full PPI Network of This Target | ||||
Chemical Structure based Activity Landscape of Target | Top |
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Drug Property Profile of Target | Top | |
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(1) Molecular Weight (mw) based Drug Clustering | (2) Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (xlogp) based Drug Clustering | |
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(3) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) based Drug Clustering | (4) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) based Drug Clustering | |
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(5) Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) based Drug Clustering | (6) Topological Polar Surface Area (polararea) based Drug Clustering | |
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"RO5" indicates the cutoff set by lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in GREEN denotes the no violation of any cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in PURPLE refers to the violation of only one cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in BLACK represents the violation of more than one cutoffs in lipinski's rule of five |
Co-Targets | Top | |||||
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Co-Targets |
Target Poor or Non Binders | Top | |||||
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Target Poor or Non Binders |
Target Profiles in Patients | Top | |||||
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Target Expression Profile (TEP) |
Target Affiliated Biological Pathways | Top | |||||
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BioCyc | [+] 1 BioCyc Pathways | + | ||||
1 | C20 prostanoid biosynthesis | |||||
KEGG Pathway | [+] 4 KEGG Pathways | + | ||||
1 | Arachidonic acid metabolism | |||||
2 | Metabolic pathways | |||||
3 | Platelet activation | |||||
4 | Serotonergic synapse | |||||
NetPath Pathway | [+] 1 NetPath Pathways | + | ||||
1 | TGF_beta_Receptor Signaling Pathway | |||||
Panther Pathway | [+] 1 Panther Pathways | + | ||||
1 | Inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway | |||||
Pathwhiz Pathway | [+] 1 Pathwhiz Pathways | + | ||||
1 | Arachidonic Acid Metabolism | |||||
WikiPathways | [+] 5 WikiPathways | + | ||||
1 | Prostaglandin Synthesis and Regulation | |||||
2 | Arachidonic acid metabolism | |||||
3 | Phase 1 - Functionalization of compounds | |||||
4 | Eicosanoid Synthesis | |||||
5 | Selenium Micronutrient Network |
Target-Related Models and Studies | Top | |||||
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Target Validation | ||||||
Target QSAR Model |
References | Top | |||||
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REF 1 | How many drug targets are there Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. | |||||
REF 2 | Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015 | |||||
REF 3 | Drug information of Salsalate, 2008. eduDrugs. | |||||
REF 4 | FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 077806. | |||||
REF 5 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7131). | |||||
REF 6 | FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 021664. | |||||
REF 7 | FDA approves EPANOVA for the treatment of adults with severe hypertriglyceridemia | |||||
REF 8 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2447). | |||||
REF 9 | Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with gammalinolenic acid. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Nov 1;119(9):867-73. | |||||
REF 10 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 4655). | |||||
REF 11 | BiDil: assessing a race-based pharmaceutical. Ann Fam Med. 2006 Nov-Dec;4(6):556-60. | |||||
REF 12 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7273). | |||||
REF 13 | FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 073535. | |||||
REF 14 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 4306). | |||||
REF 15 | Drug information of Salicyclic acid, 2008. eduDrugs. | |||||
REF 16 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7298). | |||||
REF 17 | Drug information of Suprofen, 2008. eduDrugs. | |||||
REF 18 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800025057) | |||||
REF 19 | Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) | |||||
REF 20 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7000). | |||||
REF 21 | Nanocurcumin: a promising therapeutic advancement over native curcumin. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2013;30(4):331-68. | |||||
REF 22 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00488267) Efficacy of ThermoProfen in Patients With Mild to Moderate Pain Associated With Osteoarthritis of the Knee. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
REF 23 | Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) | |||||
REF 24 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00544934) Multiple Dose Trial of Anti-glycation Agent GLY-230 in Healthy and Diabetic Subjects. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
REF 25 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7402). | |||||
REF 26 | An epidemiologic study of abuse of analgesic drugs. Effects of phenacetin and salicylate on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity (1968 to 1987)Dubach UC1, Rosner B, St rmer T.Author information1Department of Internal Medicine, Kantonsspital, Basel, Switzerland.AbstractBACKGROUND: Phenacetin abuse is known to produce kidney disease; salicylate use is supposed to prevent cardiovascular disease. We conducted a prospective, longitudinal epidemiologic study to examine the effects of these drugs on cause-specific mortality and on cardiovascular morbidity.METHODS: In 1968 we evaluated a study group of 623 healthy women 30 to 49 years old who had evidence of a regular intake of phenacetin, as measured by urinary excretion of its metabolites, and a matched control group of 621 women. Salicylate excretion was also measured. All subjects were examined over a period of 20 years.RESULTS: Life-table analyses of mortality during the 20 years, with adjustment for the year of birth, cigarette smoking, and length of follow-up, revealed significant differences between the groups in overall mortality (study group vs. control group, 74 vs. 27 deaths; relative risk, 2.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 3.3), deaths due to urologic or renal disease (relative risk, 16.1; 95 percent confidence interval, 3.9 to 66.1), deaths due to cancer (relative risk, 1.9; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 3.3), and deaths due to cardiovascular disease (relative risk, 2.9; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 5.5). The relative risk of cardiovascular disease (fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, heart failure, or stroke) was 1.8, and the 95 percent confidence interval 1.3 to 2.6. The odds ratio for the incidence of hypertension was 1.6, and the 95 percent confidence interval 1.2 to 2.1. The effects of phenacetin on morbidity and mortality, with adjustment for base-line salicylate excretion, were similar. In contrast, salicylate use had no effect on either mortality or morbidity.CONCLUSIONS: Regular use of analgesic drugs containing phenacetin is associated with an increased risk of hypertension and mortality and morbidity due to cardiovascular disease, as well as an increased riskof mortality due to cancer and urologic or renal disease. The use of salicylates carries no such risk.Comment inThe risks of phenacetin use. [N Engl J Med. 1991]PMID: 1984193 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Free full textSharePublication Types, MeSH Terms, SubstancesPublication TypesResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tMeSH TermsAdultAgedAspirin/adverse effects*Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology*Cardiovascular Diseases/mortalityDose-Response Relationship, DrugFemaleHumansHypertension/epidemiologyKidney Diseases/mortalityLongitudinal StudiesMiddle AgedMortality*Neoplasms/mortalityPhenacetin/adverse effects*Prospective StudiesRiskSubstance-Related Disorders*Urologic Diseases/mortalitySubstancesPhenacetinAspirinLinkOut - more resourcesFull Text SourcesAtypon - PDFAtyponOvid Technologies, Inc.MedicalDrug Abuse - MedlinePlus Health InformationMiscellaneousACETYLSALICYLIC ACID - Hazardous Substances Data BankPHENACETIN - Hazardous Substances Data BankPubMed Commons home N Engl J Med. 1991 Jan 17;324(3):155-60. | |||||
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