Target Information
| Target General Information | Top | |||||
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| Target ID |
T61744
(Former ID: TTDS00280)
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| Target Name |
Phosphodiesterase 4A (PDE4A)
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| Synonyms |
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A; Type 4A cAMP phosphodiesterase; PDE46; DPDE2
Click to Show/Hide
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| Gene Name |
PDE4A
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| Target Type |
Successful target
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[1] | ||||
| Disease | [+] 1 Target-related Diseases | + | ||||
| 1 | Asthma [ICD-11: CA23] | |||||
| Function |
Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes.
Click to Show/Hide
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| BioChemical Class |
Phosphoric diester hydrolase
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| UniProt ID | ||||||
| EC Number |
EC 3.1.4.53
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| Sequence |
MEPPTVPSERSLSLSLPGPREGQATLKPPPQHLWRQPRTPIRIQQRGYSDSAERAERERQ
PHRPIERADAMDTSDRPGLRTTRMSWPSSFHGTGTGSGGAGGGSSRRFEAENGPTPSPGR SPLDSQASPGLVLHAGAATSQRRESFLYRSDSDYDMSPKTMSRNSSVTSEAHAEDLIVTP FAQVLASLRSVRSNFSLLTNVPVPSNKRSPLGGPTPVCKATLSEETCQQLARETLEELDW CLEQLETMQTYRSVSEMASHKFKRMLNRELTHLSEMSRSGNQVSEYISTTFLDKQNEVEI PSPTMKEREKQQAPRPRPSQPPPPPVPHLQPMSQITGLKKLMHSNSLNNSNIPRFGVKTD QEELLAQELENLNKWGLNIFCVSDYAGGRSLTCIMYMIFQERDLLKKFRIPVDTMVTYML TLEDHYHADVAYHNSLHAADVLQSTHVLLATPALDAVFTDLEILAALFAAAIHDVDHPGV SNQFLINTNSELALMYNDESVLENHHLAVGFKLLQEDNCDIFQNLSKRQRQSLRKMVIDM VLATDMSKHMTLLADLKTMVETKKVTSSGVLLLDNYSDRIQVLRNMVHCADLSNPTKPLE LYRQWTDRIMAEFFQQGDRERERGMEISPMCDKHTASVEKSQVGFIDYIVHPLWETWADL VHPDAQEILDTLEDNRDWYYSAIRQSPSPPPEEESRGPGHPPLPDKFQFELTLEEEEEEE ISMAQIPCTAQEALTAQGLSGVEEALDATIAWEASPAQESLEVMAQEASLEAELEAVYLT QQAQSTGSAPVAPDEFSSREEFVVAVSHSSPSALALQSPLLPAWRTLSVSEHAPGLPGLP STAAEVEAQREHQAAKRACSACAGTFGEDTSALPAPGGGGSGGDPT Click to Show/Hide
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| 3D Structure | Click to Show 3D Structure of This Target | AlphaFold | ||||
| HIT2.0 ID | T95GWW | |||||
| Drugs and Modes of Action | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Approved Drug(s) | [+] 2 Approved Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Dyphylline | Drug Info | Approved | Acute bronchial asthma | [2], [3], [4] | |
| 2 | Enprofylline | Drug Info | Approved | Asthma | [5] | |
| Clinical Trial Drug(s) | [+] 16 Clinical Trial Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | DENBUFYLLINE | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Cognitive impairment | [6] | |
| 2 | SOTB07 | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Asthma | [7] | |
| 3 | AN-2898 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Atopic dermatitis | [12] | |
| 4 | AWD-12-281 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Rhinitis | [13] | |
| 5 | GPD-1116 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Asthma | [14] | |
| 6 | HT-0712 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Cognitive impairment | [15] | |
| 7 | LIRIMILAST | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [16] | |
| 8 | MK-0873 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Psoriasis vulgaris | [17] | |
| 9 | Oglemilast | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Asthma | [18] | |
| 10 | OX-914 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Asthma | [19] | |
| 11 | TA-7906 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Atopic dermatitis | [20] | |
| 12 | TOFIMILAST | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [21] | |
| 13 | AVE-8112 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Parkinson disease | [22] | |
| 14 | GSK-356278 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Huntington disease | [23] | |
| 15 | MEM-1414 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Mood disorder | [24] | |
| 16 | Ronomilast | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [25] | |
| Discontinued Drug(s) | [+] 13 Discontinued Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Cilomilast | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 3 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [26], [27] | |
| 2 | CI-1018 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Asthma | [31] | |
| 3 | Daxalipram | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Multiple sclerosis | [32] | |
| 4 | KW-4490 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Asthma | [33] | |
| 5 | V-11294A | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Asthma | [34] | |
| 6 | D-4418 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 1 | Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma | [35] | |
| 7 | SCH-351591 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 1 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [36] | |
| 8 | YM-976 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 1 | Asthma | [37], [38] | |
| 9 | D-22888 | Drug Info | Terminated | Allergy | [39] | |
| 10 | GW-3600 | Drug Info | Terminated | Asthma | [40] | |
| 11 | NIK-616 | Drug Info | Terminated | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [41] | |
| 12 | TJN-598 | Drug Info | Terminated | Glomerulonephritis | [42] | |
| 13 | Torbafylline | Drug Info | Terminated | Peripheral vascular disease | [43] | |
| Mode of Action | [+] 1 Modes of Action | + | ||||
| Inhibitor | [+] 63 Inhibitor drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Dyphylline | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 2 | Enprofylline | Drug Info | [5] | |||
| 3 | DENBUFYLLINE | Drug Info | [44] | |||
| 4 | SOTB07 | Drug Info | [45] | |||
| 5 | AN-2898 | Drug Info | [46] | |||
| 6 | AWD-12-281 | Drug Info | [47] | |||
| 7 | GPD-1116 | Drug Info | [14] | |||
| 8 | HT-0712 | Drug Info | [45] | |||
| 9 | LIRIMILAST | Drug Info | [48] | |||
| 10 | MK-0873 | Drug Info | [49] | |||
| 11 | Oglemilast | Drug Info | [48] | |||
| 12 | OX-914 | Drug Info | [50] | |||
| 13 | TA-7906 | Drug Info | [51] | |||
| 14 | TOFIMILAST | Drug Info | [52] | |||
| 15 | AVE-8112 | Drug Info | [53] | |||
| 16 | GSK-356278 | Drug Info | [54] | |||
| 17 | MEM-1414 | Drug Info | [55] | |||
| 18 | Ronomilast | Drug Info | [56] | |||
| 19 | Cilomilast | Drug Info | [27] | |||
| 20 | CI-1018 | Drug Info | [57] | |||
| 21 | Daxalipram | Drug Info | [58] | |||
| 22 | KW-4490 | Drug Info | [59] | |||
| 23 | V-11294A | Drug Info | [60] | |||
| 24 | D-4418 | Drug Info | [61] | |||
| 25 | SCH-351591 | Drug Info | [62] | |||
| 26 | YM-976 | Drug Info | [63] | |||
| 27 | D-22888 | Drug Info | [64] | |||
| 28 | GW-3600 | Drug Info | [65] | |||
| 29 | NIK-616 | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 30 | TJN-598 | Drug Info | [42] | |||
| 31 | Torbafylline | Drug Info | [43] | |||
| 32 | (R)-Rolipram | Drug Info | [67] | |||
| 33 | (S)-Rolipram | Drug Info | [67] | |||
| 34 | 1-Butyl-3-methyl-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione | Drug Info | [68] | |||
| 35 | 1-Methyl-3-propyl-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione | Drug Info | [68] | |||
| 36 | 2,5-Bis-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-furan | Drug Info | [69] | |||
| 37 | 2,5-Bis-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-furan | Drug Info | [69] | |||
| 38 | 4-(2,5-Diphenyl-furan-3-yl)-morpholine | Drug Info | [69] | |||
| 39 | 6-Azido-8-(3-iodo-phenyl)-quinoline | Drug Info | [70] | |||
| 40 | 6-Imidazol-1-ylmethyl-8-phenyl-quinoline | Drug Info | [70] | |||
| 41 | 8-(3-Nitro-phenyl)-6-phenyl-[1,7]naphthyridine | Drug Info | [71] | |||
| 42 | 8-(3-Nitro-phenyl)-6-pyridin-4-ylmethyl-quinoline | Drug Info | [70] | |||
| 43 | AL-59640 | Drug Info | [45] | |||
| 44 | ASP-3258 | Drug Info | [45] | |||
| 45 | Benzyl-(2-imidazol-1-yl-quinazolin-4-yl)-amine | Drug Info | [72] | |||
| 46 | Benzyl-(2-phenyl-quinazolin-4-yl)-amine | Drug Info | [72] | |||
| 47 | Benzyl-(2-pyridin-3-yl-quinazolin-4-yl)-amine | Drug Info | [72] | |||
| 48 | Benzyl-(2-thiophen-2-yl-quinazolin-4-yl)-amine | Drug Info | [72] | |||
| 49 | CH-3697 | Drug Info | [45] | |||
| 50 | CHF-5480 | Drug Info | [45] | |||
| 51 | CI-1044 | Drug Info | [73] | |||
| 52 | isobutylmethylxanthine | Drug Info | [74] | |||
| 53 | KF-66490 | Drug Info | [75] | |||
| 54 | KURAIDIN | Drug Info | [76] | |||
| 55 | L-454560 | Drug Info | [77] | |||
| 56 | OCID-2987 | Drug Info | [45] | |||
| 57 | ROLIPRAM | Drug Info | [78] | |||
| 58 | RS-14491 | Drug Info | [79] | |||
| 59 | RS-25344 | Drug Info | [80] | |||
| 60 | SOPHOFLAVESCENOL | Drug Info | [76] | |||
| 61 | TAS-203 | Drug Info | [45] | |||
| 62 | UCB-101333-3 | Drug Info | [81] | |||
| 63 | ZL-N-91 | Drug Info | [45] | |||
| Cell-based Target Expression Variations | Top | |||||
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| Cell-based Target Expression Variations | ||||||
| Drug Binding Sites of Target | Top | |||||
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| Ligand Name: PMID28870136-Compound-49 | Ligand Info | |||||
| Structure Description | The structure of PDE4A with pentoxifylline at 2.84A resolution | PDB:3TVX | ||||
| Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 2.84 Å | Mutation | No | [82] |
| PDB Sequence |
MNIPRFGVKT
298 DQEELLAQEL308 ENLNKWGLNI318 FCVSDYAGGR328 SLTCIMYMIF338 QERDLLKKFR 348 IPVDTMVTYM358 LTLEDHYHAD368 VAYHNSLHAA378 DVLQSTHVLL388 ATPALDAVFT 398 DLEILAALFA408 AAIHDVDHPG418 VSNQFLINTN428 SELALMYNDE438 SVLENHHLAV 448 GFKLLQEDNC458 DIFQNLSKRQ468 RQSLRKMVID478 MVLATDMSKH488 MTLLADLKTM 498 VETKKVTSSG508 VLLLDNYSDR518 IQVLRNMVHC528 ADLSNPTKPL538 ELYRQWTDRI 548 MAEFFQQGDR558 ERERGMEISP568 MCDKHTASVE578 KSQVGFIDYI588 VHPLWETWAD 598 LVHPDAQEIL608 DTLEDNRDWY618 YSAI
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| Ligand Name: (4r)-4-(3-Butoxy-4-Methoxybenzyl)imidazolidin-2-One | Ligand Info | |||||
| Structure Description | Crystal structure of human PDE4a with 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methyl-2-imidazolidone | PDB:3I8V | ||||
| Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 2.25 Å | Mutation | No | [83] |
| PDB Sequence |
HMNIPRFGVK
297 TDQEELLAQE307 LENLNKWGLN317 IFVSDYAGGR328 SLTCIMYMIF338 QERDLLKKFR 348 IPVDTMVTYM358 LTLEDHYHAD368 VAYHNSLHAA378 DVLQSTHVLL388 ATPALDAVFT 398 DLEILAALFA408 AAIHDVDHPG418 VSNQFLINTN428 SELALMYNDE438 SVLENHHLAV 448 GFKLLQEDNC458 DIFQNLSKRQ468 RQSLRKMVID478 MVLATDMSKH488 MTLLADLKTM 498 VETKKVTSSG508 VLLLDNYSDR518 IQVLRNMVHC528 ADLSNPTKPL538 ELYRQWTDRI 548 MAEFFQQGDR558 ERERGMEISP568 MCDKHTASVE578 KSQVGFIDYI588 VHPLWETWAD 598 LVHPDAQEIL608 DTLEDNRDWY618 YSAI
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| Click to View More Binding Site Information of This Target with Different Ligands | ||||||
| Different Human System Profiles of Target | Top |
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Human Similarity Proteins
of target is determined by comparing the sequence similarity of all human proteins with the target based on BLAST. The similarity proteins for a target are defined as the proteins with E-value < 0.005 and outside the protein families of the target.
A target that has fewer human similarity proteins outside its family is commonly regarded to possess a greater capacity to avoid undesired interactions and thus increase the possibility of finding successful drugs
(Brief Bioinform, 21: 649-662, 2020).
Human Tissue Distribution
of target is determined from a proteomics study that quantified more than 12,000 genes across 32 normal human tissues. Tissue Specificity (TS) score was used to define the enrichment of target across tissues.
The distribution of targets among different tissues or organs need to be taken into consideration when assessing the target druggability, as it is generally accepted that the wider the target distribution, the greater the concern over potential adverse effects
(Nat Rev Drug Discov, 20: 64-81, 2021).
Human Pathway Affiliation
of target is determined by the life-essential pathways provided on KEGG database. The target-affiliated pathways were defined based on the following two criteria (a) the pathways of the studied target should be life-essential for both healthy individuals and patients, and (b) the studied target should occupy an upstream position in the pathways and therefore had the ability to regulate biological function.
Targets involved in a fewer pathways have greater likelihood to be successfully developed, while those associated with more human pathways increase the chance of undesirable interferences with other human processes
(Pharmacol Rev, 58: 259-279, 2006).
Biological Network Descriptors
of target is determined based on a human protein-protein interactions (PPI) network consisting of 9,309 proteins and 52,713 PPIs, which were with a high confidence score of ≥ 0.95 collected from STRING database.
The network properties of targets based on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been widely adopted for the assessment of target’s druggability. Proteins with high node degree tend to have a high impact on network function through multiple interactions, while proteins with high betweenness centrality are regarded to be central for communication in interaction networks and regulate the flow of signaling information
(Front Pharmacol, 9, 1245, 2018;
Curr Opin Struct Biol. 44:134-142, 2017).
Human Similarity Proteins
Human Tissue Distribution
Human Pathway Affiliation
Biological Network Descriptors
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There is no similarity protein (E value < 0.005) for this target
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Note:
If a protein has TS (tissue specficity) scores at least in one tissue >= 2.5, this protein is called tissue-enriched (including tissue-enriched-but-not-specific and tissue-specific). In the plots, the vertical lines are at thresholds 2.5 and 4.
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| KEGG Pathway | Pathway ID | Affiliated Target | Pathway Map |
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| Purine metabolism | hsa00230 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Metabolism => Nucleotide metabolism | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| cAMP signaling pathway | hsa04024 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Environmental Information Processing => Signal transduction | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Parathyroid hormone synthesis, secretion and action | hsa04928 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Organismal Systems => Endocrine system | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Degree | 4 | Degree centrality | 4.30E-04 | Betweenness centrality | 7.73E-05 |
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| Closeness centrality | 2.00E-01 | Radiality | 1.35E+01 | Clustering coefficient | 0.00E+00 |
| Neighborhood connectivity | 1.18E+01 | Topological coefficient | 2.56E-01 | Eccentricity | 13 |
| Download | Click to Download the Full PPI Network of This Target | ||||
| Chemical Structure based Activity Landscape of Target | Top |
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| Drug Property Profile of Target | Top | |
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| (1) Molecular Weight (mw) based Drug Clustering | (2) Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (xlogp) based Drug Clustering | |
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| (3) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) based Drug Clustering | (4) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) based Drug Clustering | |
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| (5) Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) based Drug Clustering | (6) Topological Polar Surface Area (polararea) based Drug Clustering | |
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| "RO5" indicates the cutoff set by lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in GREEN denotes the no violation of any cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in PURPLE refers to the violation of only one cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in BLACK represents the violation of more than one cutoffs in lipinski's rule of five | ||
| Co-Targets | Top | |||||
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| Co-Targets | ||||||
| Target Poor or Non Binders | Top | |||||
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| Target Poor or Non Binders | ||||||
| Target Regulators | Top | |||||
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| Target-regulating microRNAs | ||||||
| Target Profiles in Patients | Top | |||||
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| Target Expression Profile (TEP) | ||||||
| Target Affiliated Biological Pathways | Top | |||||
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| KEGG Pathway | [+] 3 KEGG Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | Purine metabolism | |||||
| 2 | cAMP signaling pathway | |||||
| 3 | Morphine addiction | |||||
| Reactome | [+] 2 Reactome Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | DARPP-32 events | |||||
| 2 | G alpha (s) signalling events | |||||
| WikiPathways | [+] 1 WikiPathways | + | ||||
| 1 | G Protein Signaling Pathways | |||||
| Target-Related Models and Studies | Top | |||||
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| Target Validation | ||||||
| References | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| REF 1 | Ocular hypotension induced by topical dopaminergic drugs and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol. 1994 Jun 2;258(1-2):85-94. | |||||
| REF 2 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7070). | |||||
| REF 3 | Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015 | |||||
| REF 4 | FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 007794. | |||||
| REF 5 | Effects of enprofylline, a new xanthine derivate, on human pregnant myometrium. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987 Apr;156(4):958-62. | |||||
| REF 6 | Denbufylline in dementia: a double-blind controlled study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1999 Nov-Dec;10(6):505-10. | |||||
| REF 7 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01907763) Study Phase III Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of SOTB07 in Asthma Patients. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 8 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01436890) A Clinical Trial to Study the Effects of Revamilast in Patients With Chronic Persistent Asthma. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 9 | Effect of food and gender on the pharmacokinetics of RP 73401, a phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Dec;38(12):588-94. | |||||
| REF 10 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00045786) Study to Determine the Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of CC-1088 in the Treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndromes. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 11 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00486876) A Study of 3 Doses of Dextofisopam in Females With Irritable Bowel Syndrome. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 12 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01301508) Efficacy and Safety of AN2898 and AN2728 Topical Ointments to Treat Mild-to-Moderate Atopic Dermatitis. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 13 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00354510) Topical GW842470X In Adults Patients With Moderate Atopic Dermatitis. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 14 | Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor GPD-1116 markedly attenuates the development of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in senescence-accelerated mice P1 s... Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008 Feb;294(2):L196-204. | |||||
| REF 15 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800018324) | |||||
| REF 16 | A novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor template. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents,2003, 13(6), 929-933. | |||||
| REF 17 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00132730) An Investigational Drug Study In Patients With COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) (MK-0873-005). U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 18 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00671073) Study To Assess Efficacy and Safety of Oglemilast in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 19 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00758446) Efficacy and Safety Study of BLX-028914 in Subjects With Allergic Rhinitis. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 20 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800024588) | |||||
| REF 21 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00150397) A Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Tofimilast in Adult Asthmatics. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 22 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01803945) A Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of AVE8112 in Patients With Parkinson's Disease. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 23 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01031186) First Time in Human Study. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 24 | The Quest for Human Longevity, Lewis D. Solo. Page(145). | |||||
| REF 25 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800013990) | |||||
| REF 26 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7407). | |||||
| REF 27 | Emerging drugs for asthma. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2008 Dec;13(4):643-53. | |||||
| REF 28 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800024245) | |||||
| REF 29 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800022894) | |||||
| REF 30 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800003087) | |||||
| REF 31 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800010034) | |||||
| REF 32 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800015672) | |||||
| REF 33 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800017153) | |||||
| REF 34 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800012597) | |||||
| REF 35 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800007757) | |||||
| REF 36 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800010874) | |||||
| REF 37 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5292). | |||||
| REF 38 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800010783) | |||||
| REF 39 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800007179) | |||||
| REF 40 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800006447) | |||||
| REF 41 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800020194) | |||||
| REF 42 | Effects of TJN-598, a new selective phosphodiesterase type IV inhibitor on anti-Thy1 nephritis in rats. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2011 Feb;15(1):14-24. | |||||
| REF 43 | Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor torbafylline (HWA 448) attenuates burn-induced rat skeletal muscle proteolysis through the PDE4/cAMP/EPAC/PI3K/Akt pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2014 Aug 5;393(1-2):152-63. | |||||
| REF 44 | Pyrazolopyrimidine-2,4-dione sulfonamides: novel and selective calcitonin inducers. J Med Chem. 2002 May 23;45(11):2342-5. | |||||
| REF 45 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Target id: 1300). | |||||
| REF 46 | An assessment of the genetic toxicology of novel boron-containing therapeutic agents. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2013 Jun;54(5):338-46. | |||||
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