Target Information
| Target General Information | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target ID |
T11211
(Former ID: TTDS00367)
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| Target Name |
Androgen receptor (AR)
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| Synonyms |
Testosterone receptor; Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 4; NR3C4; Dihydrotestosterone receptor; DHTR
Click to Show/Hide
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| Gene Name |
AR
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| Target Type |
Successful target
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[1] | ||||
| Disease | [+] 11 Target-related Diseases | + | ||||
| 1 | Acne vulgaris [ICD-11: ED80] | |||||
| 2 | Acute myeloid leukaemia [ICD-11: 2A60] | |||||
| 3 | Alcoholic liver disease [ICD-11: DB94] | |||||
| 4 | Breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60-2C6Y] | |||||
| 5 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [ICD-11: CA22] | |||||
| 6 | Female pelvic pain [ICD-11: GA34] | |||||
| 7 | Hypo-osmolality/hyponatraemia [ICD-11: 5C72] | |||||
| 8 | Low bone mass disorder [ICD-11: FB83] | |||||
| 9 | Mammary tumour [ICD-11: 2C60-2C6Z] | |||||
| 10 | Prostate cancer [ICD-11: 2C82] | |||||
| 11 | Testicular dysfunction [ICD-11: 5A81] | |||||
| Function |
Transcription factor activity is modulated by bound coactivator and corepressor proteins like ZBTB7A that recruits NCOR1 and NCOR2 to the androgen response elements/ARE on target genes, negatively regulating androgen receptor signaling and androgen-induced cell proliferation. Transcription activation is also down-regulated by NR0B2. Activated, but not phosphorylated, by HIPK3 and ZIPK/DAPK3. Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues.
Click to Show/Hide
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| BioChemical Class |
Nuclear hormone receptor
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| UniProt ID | ||||||
| Sequence |
MEVQLGLGRVYPRPPSKTYRGAFQNLFQSVREVIQNPGPRHPEAASAAPPGASLLLLQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQETSPRQQQQQQGEDGSPQAHRRGPTGYLVLDEEQQPSQPQ SALECHPERGCVPEPGAAVAASKGLPQQLPAPPDEDDSAAPSTLSLLGPTFPGLSSCSAD LKDILSEASTMQLLQQQQQEAVSEGSSSGRAREASGAPTSSKDNYLGGTSTISDNAKELC KAVSVSMGLGVEALEHLSPGEQLRGDCMYAPLLGVPPAVRPTPCAPLAECKGSLLDDSAG KSTEDTAEYSPFKGGYTKGLEGESLGCSGSAAAGSSGTLELPSTLSLYKSGALDEAAAYQ SRDYYNFPLALAGPPPPPPPPHPHARIKLENPLDYGSAWAAAAAQCRYGDLASLHGAGAA GPGSGSPSAAASSSWHTLFTAEEGQLYGPCGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGEAGAVAP YGYTRPPQGLAGQESDFTAPDVWYPGGMVSRVPYPSPTCVKSEMGPWMDSYSGPYGDMRL ETARDHVLPIDYYFPPQKTCLICGDEASGCHYGALTCGSCKVFFKRAAEGKQKYLCASRN DCTIDKFRRKNCPSCRLRKCYEAGMTLGARKLKKLGNLKLQEEGEASSTTSPTEETTQKL TVSHIEGYECQPIFLNVLEAIEPGVVCAGHDNNQPDSFAALLSSLNELGERQLVHVVKWA KALPGFRNLHVDDQMAVIQYSWMGLMVFAMGWRSFTNVNSRMLYFAPDLVFNEYRMHKSR MYSQCVRMRHLSQEFGWLQITPQEFLCMKALLLFSIIPVDGLKNQKFFDELRMNYIKELD RIIACKRKNPTSCSRRFYQLTKLLDSVQPIARELHQFTFDLLIKSHMVSVDFPEMMAEII SVQVPKILSGKVKPIYFHTQ Click to Show/Hide
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| 3D Structure | Click to Show 3D Structure of This Target | AlphaFold | ||||
| ADReCS ID | BADD_A01831 | |||||
| HIT2.0 ID | T20JZ2 | |||||
| Drugs and Modes of Action | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Approved Drug(s) | [+] 16 Approved Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | ARN-509 | Drug Info | Approved | Acute myeloid leukaemia | [8] | |
| 2 | Clascoterone | Drug Info | Approved | Acne vulgaris | [9] | |
| 3 | Cyproterone | Drug Info | Approved | Prostate cancer | [10] | |
| 4 | Darolutamide | Drug Info | Approved | Prostate cancer | [11] | |
| 5 | Dromostanolone | Drug Info | Approved | Mammary tumour | [5], [12] | |
| 6 | Enzalutamide | Drug Info | Approved | Prostate cancer | [13] | |
| 7 | Ethylestrenol | Drug Info | Approved | Testosterone deficiency | [14] | |
| 8 | Fludrocortisone | Drug Info | Approved | Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome | [15], [16] | |
| 9 | Flufenamic Acid | Drug Info | Approved | Dysmenorrhea | [14], [17] | |
| 10 | Fluoxymesterone | Drug Info | Approved | Breast cancer | [5], [14], [18] | |
| 11 | Hydroxyflutamide | Drug Info | Approved | Prostate cancer | [19], [20] | |
| 12 | Nandrolone | Drug Info | Approved | Osteoporosis | [21], [5] | |
| 13 | Nilutamide | Drug Info | Approved | Prostate cancer | [22], [20] | |
| 14 | Prasterone | Drug Info | Approved | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [23] | |
| 15 | Testosterone | Drug Info | Approved | Osteoporosis | [24], [25] | |
| 16 | Dihydrotestosterone | Drug Info | Phase 4 | Prostate hyperplasia | [26], [27] | |
| Clinical Trial Drug(s) | [+] 15 Clinical Trial Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | ZANOTERONE | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Prostate hyperplasia | [29] | |
| 2 | ASCJ-9 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Alopecia | [31] | |
| 3 | AZD5312 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Prostate cancer | [32] | |
| 4 | MK-0773 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Osteoporosis | [33] | |
| 5 | Testogen TDS | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Hypogonadism | [34] | |
| 6 | TOK-001 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Prostate cancer | [35], [36] | |
| 7 | APC-100 | Drug Info | Phase 1/2 | Prostate cancer | [40] | |
| 8 | ONC1-13B | Drug Info | Phase 1/2 | Prostate cancer | [41] | |
| 9 | AZD-3514 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Prostate cancer | [45] | |
| 10 | Drug 2881078 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Heart failure | [46] | |
| 11 | DT-200 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Duchenne dystrophy | [47] | |
| 12 | PS-178990 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Muscle atrophy | [48] | |
| 13 | RAD-140 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Breast cancer | [32] | |
| 14 | TAS3681 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Prostate cancer | [32] | |
| 15 | TESTOSTERONE BUCICLATE | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Contraception | [49] | |
| Discontinued Drug(s) | [+] 11 Discontinued Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | GW-275919 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Pain | [50] | |
| 2 | HE-2000 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Cystic fibrosis | [51] | |
| 3 | NP-619 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Alopecia | [52] | |
| 4 | Testosterone glucoside | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Hypogonadism | [53] | |
| 5 | GSK2849466 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 1 | Heart failure | [54] | |
| 6 | LGD2941 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 1 | Osteoporosis | [55] | |
| 7 | MX-4509 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 1 | Neurological disorder | [56] | |
| 8 | Opterone | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 1 | Hormone deficiency | [57] | |
| 9 | PF-06260414 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 1 | Cachexia | [58] | |
| 10 | LG-2293 | Drug Info | Terminated | Prostate cancer | [60] | |
| 11 | ZD-3980 | Drug Info | Terminated | Prostate hyperplasia | [61] | |
| Preclinical Drug(s) | [+] 1 Preclinical Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | GLPG-0492 | Drug Info | Preclinical | Cachexia | [59] | |
| Mode of Action | [+] 6 Modes of Action | + | ||||
| Inhibitor | [+] 19 Inhibitor drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | ARN-509 | Drug Info | [8] | |||
| 2 | Fludrocortisone | Drug Info | [66] | |||
| 3 | Flufenamic Acid | Drug Info | [67] | |||
| 4 | ZANOTERONE | Drug Info | [78] | |||
| 5 | TOK-001 | Drug Info | [35] | |||
| 6 | APC-100 | Drug Info | [40] | |||
| 7 | HE-2000 | Drug Info | [88] | |||
| 8 | Opterone | Drug Info | [82] | |||
| 9 | 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane | Drug Info | [96] | |||
| 10 | 11-methyl-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[a]carbazol-9-ol | Drug Info | [97] | |||
| 11 | 6,11-dihydrothiochromeno[4,3-b]indol-8-ol | Drug Info | [97] | |||
| 12 | Calusterone | Drug Info | [100] | |||
| 13 | OXENDLONE | Drug Info | [104] | |||
| 14 | Palodesangren C | Drug Info | [104] | |||
| 15 | Palodesangren D | Drug Info | [104] | |||
| 16 | Palodesangren E | Drug Info | [104] | |||
| 17 | RU-59063 | Drug Info | [105] | |||
| 18 | [3H]methyltrienolone | Drug Info | [99] | |||
| 19 | [3H]mibolerone | Drug Info | [105] | |||
| Antagonist | [+] 15 Antagonist drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Clascoterone | Drug Info | [9] | |||
| 2 | Cyproterone | Drug Info | [62] | |||
| 3 | Darolutamide | Drug Info | [11] | |||
| 4 | Hydroxyflutamide | Drug Info | [20], [70], [71] | |||
| 5 | Nilutamide | Drug Info | [73] | |||
| 6 | Prasterone | Drug Info | [74] | |||
| 7 | ONC1-13B | Drug Info | [83] | |||
| 8 | AZD-3514 | Drug Info | [84] | |||
| 9 | TAS3681 | Drug Info | [32] | |||
| 10 | MX-4509 | Drug Info | [71] | |||
| 11 | ARN34 | Drug Info | [70] | |||
| 12 | ASC-JMX2 | Drug Info | [98] | |||
| 13 | DL-3 | Drug Info | [98] | |||
| 14 | HYG-440 | Drug Info | [103] | |||
| 15 | SX-ARPC | Drug Info | [106] | |||
| Binder | [+] 2 Binder drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Dromostanolone | Drug Info | [63], [64] | |||
| 2 | PS-178990 | Drug Info | [86] | |||
| Modulator | [+] 21 Modulator drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Enzalutamide | Drug Info | [14] | |||
| 2 | Ethylestrenol | Drug Info | [65] | |||
| 3 | Dihydrotestosterone | Drug Info | [77] | |||
| 4 | AZD5312 | Drug Info | [80] | |||
| 5 | MK-0773 | Drug Info | [81] | |||
| 6 | Testogen TDS | Drug Info | [82] | |||
| 7 | Drug 2881078 | Drug Info | [85] | |||
| 8 | DT-200 | Drug Info | [47] | |||
| 9 | RAD-140 | Drug Info | [87] | |||
| 10 | GW-275919 | Drug Info | [50] | |||
| 11 | NP-619 | Drug Info | [89] | |||
| 12 | GSK2849466 | Drug Info | [90] | |||
| 13 | LGD2941 | Drug Info | [91] | |||
| 14 | PF-06260414 | Drug Info | [92] | |||
| 15 | GLPG-0492 | Drug Info | [93] | |||
| 16 | LG-2293 | Drug Info | [94] | |||
| 17 | ZD-3980 | Drug Info | [95] | |||
| 18 | ASC-JMZ1 | Drug Info | [98] | |||
| 19 | EPI-001 | Drug Info | [101] | |||
| 20 | GTx-027 | Drug Info | [102] | |||
| 21 | SARMs | Drug Info | [98] | |||
| Agonist | [+] 7 Agonist drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Fluoxymesterone | Drug Info | [68], [69] | |||
| 2 | Nandrolone | Drug Info | [72] | |||
| 3 | Testosterone | Drug Info | [75], [76] | |||
| 4 | TESTOSTERONE BUCICLATE | Drug Info | [82] | |||
| 5 | Testosterone glucoside | Drug Info | [82] | |||
| 6 | Boldenone | Drug Info | [99] | |||
| 7 | Testetrol | Drug Info | [107] | |||
| Enhancer | [+] 1 Enhancer drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | ASCJ-9 | Drug Info | [79] | |||
| Cell-based Target Expression Variations | Top | |||||
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| Cell-based Target Expression Variations | ||||||
| Drug Binding Sites of Target | Top | |||||
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| Ligand Name: Testosterone | Ligand Info | |||||
| Structure Description | Crystal structure of human androgen receptor ligand binding domain in complex with testosterone | PDB:2AM9 | ||||
| Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 1.64 Å | Mutation | No | [108] |
| PDB Sequence |
QPIFLNVLEA
679 IEPGVVCAGH689 DNNQPDSFAA699 LLSSLNELGE709 RQLVHVVKWA719 KALPGFRNLH 729 VDDQMAVIQY739 SWMGLMVFAM749 GWRSFTNVNS759 RMLYFAPDLV769 FNEYRMHKSR 779 MYSQCVRMRH789 LSQEFGWLQI799 TPQEFLCMKA809 LLLFSIIPVD819 GLKNQKFFDE 829 LRMNYIKELD839 RIIACKRKNP849 TSCSRRFYQL859 TKLLDSVQPI869 ARELHQFTFD 879 LLIKSHMVSV889 DFPEMMAEII899 SVQVPKILSG909 KVKPIYFHTQ919 |
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LEU701
3.806
LEU704
3.457
ASN705
2.662
LEU707
3.967
GLY708
4.007
GLN711
4.137
TRP741
3.863
MET742
3.752
MET745
3.519
VAL746
4.006
MET749
3.590
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| Click to View More Binding Site Information of This Target and Ligand Pair | ||||||
| Ligand Name: Liothyronine | Ligand Info | |||||
| Structure Description | Androgen receptor with small molecule | PDB:2PIV | ||||
| Method | X-ray diffraction | Resolution | 1.95 Å | Mutation | No | [109] |
| PDB Sequence |
QPIFLNVLEA
679 IEPGVVCAGH689 DNNQPDSFAA699 LLSSLNELGE709 RQLVHVVKWA719 KALPGFRNLH 729 VDDQMAVIQY739 SWMGLMVFAM749 GWRSFTNVNS759 RMLYFAPDLV769 FNEYRMHKSR 779 MYSQCVRMRH789 LSQEFGWLQI799 TPQEFLCMKA809 LLLFSIIPVD819 GLKNQKFFDE 829 LRMNYIKELD839 RIIACKRKNP849 TSCSRRFYQL859 TKLLDSVQPI869 ARELHQFTFD 879 LLIKSHMVSV889 DFPEMMAEII899 SVQVPKILSG909 KVKPIYFHT
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| Click to View More Binding Site Information of This Target and Ligand Pair | ||||||
| Click to View More Binding Site Information of This Target with Different Ligands | ||||||
| Different Human System Profiles of Target | Top |
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Human Similarity Proteins
of target is determined by comparing the sequence similarity of all human proteins with the target based on BLAST. The similarity proteins for a target are defined as the proteins with E-value < 0.005 and outside the protein families of the target.
A target that has fewer human similarity proteins outside its family is commonly regarded to possess a greater capacity to avoid undesired interactions and thus increase the possibility of finding successful drugs
(Brief Bioinform, 21: 649-662, 2020).
Human Tissue Distribution
of target is determined from a proteomics study that quantified more than 12,000 genes across 32 normal human tissues. Tissue Specificity (TS) score was used to define the enrichment of target across tissues.
The distribution of targets among different tissues or organs need to be taken into consideration when assessing the target druggability, as it is generally accepted that the wider the target distribution, the greater the concern over potential adverse effects
(Nat Rev Drug Discov, 20: 64-81, 2021).
Human Pathway Affiliation
of target is determined by the life-essential pathways provided on KEGG database. The target-affiliated pathways were defined based on the following two criteria (a) the pathways of the studied target should be life-essential for both healthy individuals and patients, and (b) the studied target should occupy an upstream position in the pathways and therefore had the ability to regulate biological function.
Targets involved in a fewer pathways have greater likelihood to be successfully developed, while those associated with more human pathways increase the chance of undesirable interferences with other human processes
(Pharmacol Rev, 58: 259-279, 2006).
Biological Network Descriptors
of target is determined based on a human protein-protein interactions (PPI) network consisting of 9,309 proteins and 52,713 PPIs, which were with a high confidence score of ≥ 0.95 collected from STRING database.
The network properties of targets based on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been widely adopted for the assessment of target’s druggability. Proteins with high node degree tend to have a high impact on network function through multiple interactions, while proteins with high betweenness centrality are regarded to be central for communication in interaction networks and regulate the flow of signaling information
(Front Pharmacol, 9, 1245, 2018;
Curr Opin Struct Biol. 44:134-142, 2017).
Human Similarity Proteins
Human Tissue Distribution
Human Pathway Affiliation
Biological Network Descriptors
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There is no similarity protein (E value < 0.005) for this target
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Note:
If a protein has TS (tissue specficity) scores at least in one tissue >= 2.5, this protein is called tissue-enriched (including tissue-enriched-but-not-specific and tissue-specific). In the plots, the vertical lines are at thresholds 2.5 and 4.
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| KEGG Pathway | Pathway ID | Affiliated Target | Pathway Map |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oocyte meiosis | hsa04114 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Cellular Processes => Cell growth and death | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Degree | 61 | Degree centrality | 6.55E-03 | Betweenness centrality | 7.32E-03 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Closeness centrality | 2.76E-01 | Radiality | 1.47E+01 | Clustering coefficient | 9.84E-02 |
| Neighborhood connectivity | 5.13E+01 | Topological coefficient | 3.54E-02 | Eccentricity | 11 |
| Download | Click to Download the Full PPI Network of This Target | ||||
| Chemical Structure based Activity Landscape of Target | Top |
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| Drug Property Profile of Target | Top | |
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| (1) Molecular Weight (mw) based Drug Clustering | (2) Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (xlogp) based Drug Clustering | |
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| (3) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) based Drug Clustering | (4) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) based Drug Clustering | |
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| (5) Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) based Drug Clustering | (6) Topological Polar Surface Area (polararea) based Drug Clustering | |
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| "RO5" indicates the cutoff set by lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in GREEN denotes the no violation of any cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in PURPLE refers to the violation of only one cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in BLACK represents the violation of more than one cutoffs in lipinski's rule of five | ||
| Co-Targets | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co-Targets | ||||||
| Target Poor or Non Binders | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target Poor or Non Binders | ||||||
| Target Regulators | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target-regulating microRNAs | ||||||
| Target-interacting Proteins | ||||||
| Target Profiles in Patients | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target Expression Profile (TEP) | ||||||
| Drug Resistance Mutation (DRM) | ||||||
| Target Affiliated Biological Pathways | Top | |||||
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| KEGG Pathway | [+] 3 KEGG Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | Oocyte meiosis | |||||
| 2 | Pathways in cancer | |||||
| 3 | Prostate cancer | |||||
| NetPath Pathway | [+] 3 NetPath Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | EGFR1 Signaling Pathway | |||||
| 2 | AndrogenReceptor Signaling Pathway | |||||
| 3 | FSH Signaling Pathway | |||||
| PID Pathway | [+] 7 PID Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | Regulation of nuclear SMAD2/3 signaling | |||||
| 2 | Coregulation of Androgen receptor activity | |||||
| 3 | Regulation of Androgen receptor activity | |||||
| 4 | Nongenotropic Androgen signaling | |||||
| 5 | Regulation of nuclear beta catenin signaling and target gene transcription | |||||
| 6 | FOXA1 transcription factor network | |||||
| 7 | Notch-mediated HES/HEY network | |||||
| Reactome | [+] 2 Reactome Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | Nuclear Receptor transcription pathway | |||||
| 2 | Activated PKN1 stimulates transcription of AR (androgen receptor) regulated genes KLK2 and KLK3 | |||||
| WikiPathways | [+] 6 WikiPathways | + | ||||
| 1 | SIDS Susceptibility Pathways | |||||
| 2 | Integrated Pancreatic Cancer Pathway | |||||
| 3 | Prostate Cancer | |||||
| 4 | Integrated Breast Cancer Pathway | |||||
| 5 | Nuclear Receptors | |||||
| 6 | Androgen receptor signaling pathway | |||||
| Target-Related Models and Studies | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target Validation | ||||||
| References | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| REF 1 | Androgen receptor as a target in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Urology. 2002 Sep;60(3 Suppl 1):132-8; discussion 138-9. | |||||
| REF 2 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6943). | |||||
| REF 3 | FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 075298. | |||||
| REF 4 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2863). | |||||
| REF 5 | Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77. | |||||
| REF 6 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7092). | |||||
| REF 7 | FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 076761. | |||||
| REF 8 | 2018 FDA drug approvals.Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019 Feb;18(2):85-89. | |||||
| REF 9 | Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health Human Services. 2020 | |||||
| REF 10 | Drug information of Cyproterone, 2008. eduDrugs. | |||||
| REF 11 | Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health Human Services. 2019 | |||||
| REF 12 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6947). | |||||
| REF 13 | Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2013 Feb;12(2):87-90. | |||||
| REF 14 | Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015 | |||||
| REF 15 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2873). | |||||
| REF 16 | FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 010060. | |||||
| REF 17 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2447). | |||||
| REF 18 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2861). | |||||
| REF 19 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2862). | |||||
| REF 20 | Drug insight: role of the androgen receptor in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2007 Apr;4(4):236-44. | |||||
| REF 21 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6949). | |||||
| REF 22 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2864). | |||||
| REF 23 | Direct agonist/antagonist functions of dehydroepiandrosterone. Endocrinology. 2005 Nov;146(11):4568-76. | |||||
| REF 24 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2858). | |||||
| REF 25 | Emerging drugs for hypogonadism. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2006 Nov;11(4):685-707. | |||||
| REF 26 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2856). | |||||
| REF 27 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00062790) Effect Of Dutasteride On Intraprostatic Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) Levels. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
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