Target Information
| Target General Information | Top | |||||
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| Target ID |
T92076
(Former ID: TTDS00164)
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| Target Name |
Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CASR)
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| Synonyms |
hCasR; Parathyroid cell calciumreceptor; Parathyroid cell calcium-sensing receptor 1; Parathyroid calcium receptor; Parathyroid Cell calcium-sensing receptor; PCaR1; GPRC2A; CaSR
Click to Show/Hide
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| Gene Name |
CASR
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| Target Type |
Successful target
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[1] | ||||
| Disease | [+] 1 Target-related Diseases | + | ||||
| 1 | Hyper-parathyroidism [ICD-11: 5A51] | |||||
| Function |
Senses fluctuations in the circulating calcium concentration and modulates the production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in parathyroid glands. The activity of this receptor is mediated by a G-protein that activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. The G-protein-coupled receptor activity is activated by a co-agonist mechanism: aromatic amino acids, such as Trp or Phe, act concertedly with divalent cations, such as calcium or magnesium, to achieve full receptor activation. G-protein-coupled receptor that senses changes in the extracellular concentration of calcium ions and plays a key role in maintaining calcium homeostasis.
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| BioChemical Class |
GPCR glutamate
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| UniProt ID | ||||||
| Sequence |
MAFYSCCWVLLALTWHTSAYGPDQRAQKKGDIILGGLFPIHFGVAAKDQDLKSRPESVEC
IRYNFRGFRWLQAMIFAIEEINSSPALLPNLTLGYRIFDTCNTVSKALEATLSFVAQNKI DSLNLDEFCNCSEHIPSTIAVVGATGSGVSTAVANLLGLFYIPQVSYASSSRLLSNKNQF KSFLRTIPNDEHQATAMADIIEYFRWNWVGTIAADDDYGRPGIEKFREEAEERDICIDFS ELISQYSDEEEIQHVVEVIQNSTAKVIVVFSSGPDLEPLIKEIVRRNITGKIWLASEAWA SSSLIAMPQYFHVVGGTIGFALKAGQIPGFREFLKKVHPRKSVHNGFAKEFWEETFNCHL QEGAKGPLPVDTFLRGHEESGDRFSNSSTAFRPLCTGDENISSVETPYIDYTHLRISYNV YLAVYSIAHALQDIYTCLPGRGLFTNGSCADIKKVEAWQVLKHLRHLNFTNNMGEQVTFD ECGDLVGNYSIINWHLSPEDGSIVFKEVGYYNVYAKKGERLFINEEKILWSGFSREVPFS NCSRDCLAGTRKGIIEGEPTCCFECVECPDGEYSDETDASACNKCPDDFWSNENHTSCIA KEIEFLSWTEPFGIALTLFAVLGIFLTAFVLGVFIKFRNTPIVKATNRELSYLLLFSLLC CFSSSLFFIGEPQDWTCRLRQPAFGISFVLCISCILVKTNRVLLVFEAKIPTSFHRKWWG LNLQFLLVFLCTFMQIVICVIWLYTAPPSSYRNQELEDEIIFITCHEGSLMALGFLIGYT CLLAAICFFFAFKSRKLPENFNEAKFITFSMLIFFIVWISFIPAYASTYGKFVSAVEVIA ILAASFGLLACIFFNKIYIILFKPSRNTIEEVRCSTAAHAFKVAARATLRRSNVSRKRSS SLGGSTGSTPSSSISSKSNSEDPFPQPERQKQQQPLALTQQEQQQQPLTLPQQQRSQQQP RCKQKVIFGSGTVTFSLSFDEPQKNAMAHRNSTHQNSLEAQKSSDTLTRHEPLLPLQCGE TDLDLTVQETGLQGPVGGDQRPEVEDPEELSPALVVSSSQSFVISGGGSTVTENVVNS Click to Show/Hide
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| 3D Structure | Click to Show 3D Structure of This Target | AlphaFold | ||||
| HIT2.0 ID | T16P5N | |||||
| Drugs and Modes of Action | Top | |||||
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| Approved Drug(s) | [+] 2 Approved Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Cinacalcet | Drug Info | Approved | Hyperparathyroidism | [2], [3] | |
| 2 | Etelcalcetide | Drug Info | Approved | Secondary hyperparathyroidism | [4], [5] | |
| Clinical Trial Drug(s) | [+] 4 Clinical Trial Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | ASP7991 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Hyperparathyroidism | [7] | |
| 2 | MK-5442 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Osteoporosis | [8] | |
| 3 | ATF-936 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Osteoporosis | [9] | |
| 4 | AXT-914 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Osteoporosis | [10] | |
| Discontinued Drug(s) | [+] 2 Discontinued Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | NPS-2143 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Osteoporosis | [11], [12] | |
| 2 | Ronacaleret | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Osteoporosis | [13] | |
| Mode of Action | [+] 5 Modes of Action | + | ||||
| Agonist | [+] 3 Agonist drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Cinacalcet | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 2 | ASP7991 | Drug Info | [17] | |||
| 3 | R-568 | Drug Info | [20] | |||
| Modulator | [+] 2 Modulator drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Etelcalcetide | Drug Info | [16] | |||
| 2 | MK-5442 | Drug Info | [18] | |||
| Antagonist | [+] 8 Antagonist drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | ATF-936 | Drug Info | [9] | |||
| 2 | AXT-914 | Drug Info | [10] | |||
| 3 | NPS-2143 | Drug Info | [19] | |||
| 4 | Ronacaleret | Drug Info | [21] | |||
| 5 | 1-arylmethylpyrrolidin-2-yl ethanol amine | Drug Info | [22] | |||
| 6 | 2-methyl-3-phenethyl-3H-pyrimidin-4-one | Drug Info | [23] | |||
| 7 | PMID15686947C(S)-3h | Drug Info | [26] | |||
| 8 | TAK-075 | Drug Info | [27] | |||
| Inhibitor | [+] 2 Inhibitor drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | 2-Furan-2-yl-3-phenethyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one | Drug Info | [23] | |||
| 2 | 3-Phenethyl-2-phenyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one | Drug Info | [24] | |||
| Modulator (allosteric modulator) | [+] 1 Modulator (allosteric modulator) drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | calindol | Drug Info | [25] | |||
| Cell-based Target Expression Variations | Top | |||||
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| Cell-based Target Expression Variations | ||||||
| Drug Binding Sites of Target | Top | |||||
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| Ligand Name: Cinacalcet | Ligand Info | |||||
| Structure Description | Asymmetric Activation of the Calcium Sensing Receptor Homodimer | PDB:7M3F | ||||
| Method | Electron microscopy | Resolution | 2.80 Å | Mutation | No | [28] |
| PDB Sequence |
YGPDQRAQKK
29 GDIILGGLFP39 IHFGVAAKDQ49 DLKSRPESVE59 CIRYNFRGFR69 WLQAMIFAIE 79 EINSSPALLP89 NLTLGYRIFD99 TCNTVSKALE109 ATLSFVAQNK119 IDSLNLCSEH 134 IPSTIAVVGA144 TGSGVSTAVA154 NLLGLFYIPQ164 VSYASSSRLL174 SNKNQFKSFL 184 RTIPNDEHQA194 TAMADIIEYF204 RWNWVGTIAA214 DDDYGRPGIE224 KFREEAEERD 234 ICIDFSELIS244 QYSDEEEIQH254 VVEVIQNSTA264 KVIVVFSSGP274 DLEPLIKEIV 284 RRNITGKIWL294 ASEAWASSSL304 IAMPQYFHVV314 GGTIGFALKA324 GQIPGFREFL 334 KKVHPRKSVH344 NGFAKEFWEE354 TFNCHLQEFR392 PLCTGDENIS402 SVETPYIDYT 412 HLRISYNVYL422 AVYSIAHALQ432 DIYTCLPGRG442 LFTNGSCADI452 KKVEAWQVLK 462 HLRHLNFTNN472 MGEQVTFDEC482 GDLVGNYSII492 NWHLSPEDGS502 IVFKEVGYYN 512 VYAKKGERLF522 INEEKILWSG532 FSREVPFSNC542 SRDCLAGTRK552 GIIEGEPTCC 562 FECVECPDGE572 YSDETDASAC582 NKCPDDFWSN592 ENHTSCIAKE602 IEFLSWTEPF 612 GIALTLFAVL622 GIFLTAFVLG632 VFIKFRNTPI642 VKATNRELSY652 LLLFSLLCCF 662 SSSLFFIGEP672 QDWTCRLRQP682 AFGISFVLCI692 SCILVKTNRV702 LLNLQFLLVF 729 LCTFMQIVIC739 VIWLYTAPPS749 SYRNQELEDE759 IIFITCHEGS769 LMALGFLIGY 779 TCLLAAICFF789 FAFKSRKLPE799 NFNEAKFITF809 SMLIFFIVWI819 SFIPAYASTY 829 GKFVSAVEVI839 AILAASFGLL849 ACIFFNKIYI859 ILFKPSRNTI869 EEVRCSTAAH 879 AFKVAARA
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| Ligand Name: D-Alanine | Ligand Info | |||||
| Structure Description | Asymmetric Activation of the Calcium Sensing Receptor Homodimer | PDB:7M3G | ||||
| Method | Electron microscopy | Resolution | 2.50 Å | Mutation | No | [28] |
| PDB Sequence |
YGPDQRAQKK
29 GDIILGGLFP39 IHFGVAAKDQ49 DLKSRPESVE59 CIRYNFRGFR69 WLQAMIFAIE 79 EINSSPALLP89 NLTLGYRIFD99 TCNTVSKALE109 ATLSFVAQNK119 IDSLNLDCSE 133 HIPSTIAVVG143 ATGSGVSTAV153 ANLLGLFYIP163 QVSYASSSRL173 LSNKNQFKSF 183 LRTIPNDEHQ193 ATAMADIIEY203 FRWNWVGTIA213 ADDDYGRPGI223 EKFREEAEER 233 DICIDFSELI243 SQYSDEEEIQ253 HVVEVIQNST263 AKVIVVFSSG273 PDLEPLIKEI 283 VRRNITGKIW293 LASEAWASSS303 LIAMPQYFHV313 VGGTIGFALK323 AGQIPGFREF 333 LKKVHPRKSV343 HNGFAKEFWE353 ETFNCHLQEF391 RPLCTGDENI401 SSVETPYIDY 411 THLRISYNVY421 LAVYSIAHAL431 QDIYTCLPGR441 GLFTNGSCAD451 IKKVEAWQVL 461 KHLRHLNFTN471 NMGEQVTFDE481 CGDLVGNYSI491 INWHLSPEDG501 SIVFKEVGYY 511 NVYAKKGERL521 FINEEKILWS531 GFSREVPFSN541 CSRDCLAGTR551 KGIIEGEPTC 561 CFECVECPDG571 EYSDETDASA581 CNKCPDDFWS591 NENHTSCIAK601 EIEFLSWTEP 611 FGIALTLFAV621 LGIFLTAFVL631 GVFIKFRNTP641 IVKATNRELS651 YLLLFSLLCC 661 FSSSLFFIGE671 PQDWTCRLRQ681 PAFGISFVLC691 ISCILVKTNR701 VLLVFNLQFL 726 LVFLCTFMQI736 VICVIWLYTA746 PPSSYRNQEL756 EDEIIFITCH766 EGSLMALGFL 776 IGYTCLLAAI786 CFFFAFKSRK796 LPENFNEAKF806 ITFSMLIFFI816 VWISFIPAYA 826 STYGKFVSAV836 EVIAILAASF846 GLLACIFFNK856 IYIILFKPSR866 NTIEEVRCST 876 AAHAFKVAAR886 A
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| Click to View More Binding Site Information of This Target with Different Ligands | ||||||
| Different Human System Profiles of Target | Top |
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Human Similarity Proteins
of target is determined by comparing the sequence similarity of all human proteins with the target based on BLAST. The similarity proteins for a target are defined as the proteins with E-value < 0.005 and outside the protein families of the target.
A target that has fewer human similarity proteins outside its family is commonly regarded to possess a greater capacity to avoid undesired interactions and thus increase the possibility of finding successful drugs
(Brief Bioinform, 21: 649-662, 2020).
Human Tissue Distribution
of target is determined from a proteomics study that quantified more than 12,000 genes across 32 normal human tissues. Tissue Specificity (TS) score was used to define the enrichment of target across tissues.
The distribution of targets among different tissues or organs need to be taken into consideration when assessing the target druggability, as it is generally accepted that the wider the target distribution, the greater the concern over potential adverse effects
(Nat Rev Drug Discov, 20: 64-81, 2021).
Human Pathway Affiliation
of target is determined by the life-essential pathways provided on KEGG database. The target-affiliated pathways were defined based on the following two criteria (a) the pathways of the studied target should be life-essential for both healthy individuals and patients, and (b) the studied target should occupy an upstream position in the pathways and therefore had the ability to regulate biological function.
Targets involved in a fewer pathways have greater likelihood to be successfully developed, while those associated with more human pathways increase the chance of undesirable interferences with other human processes
(Pharmacol Rev, 58: 259-279, 2006).
Biological Network Descriptors
of target is determined based on a human protein-protein interactions (PPI) network consisting of 9,309 proteins and 52,713 PPIs, which were with a high confidence score of ≥ 0.95 collected from STRING database.
The network properties of targets based on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been widely adopted for the assessment of target’s druggability. Proteins with high node degree tend to have a high impact on network function through multiple interactions, while proteins with high betweenness centrality are regarded to be central for communication in interaction networks and regulate the flow of signaling information
(Front Pharmacol, 9, 1245, 2018;
Curr Opin Struct Biol. 44:134-142, 2017).
Human Similarity Proteins
Human Tissue Distribution
Human Pathway Affiliation
Biological Network Descriptors
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There is no similarity protein (E value < 0.005) for this target
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Note:
If a protein has TS (tissue specficity) scores at least in one tissue >= 2.5, this protein is called tissue-enriched (including tissue-enriched-but-not-specific and tissue-specific). In the plots, the vertical lines are at thresholds 2.5 and 4.
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| KEGG Pathway | Pathway ID | Affiliated Target | Pathway Map |
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| NOD-like receptor signaling pathway | hsa04621 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Organismal Systems => Immune system | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Parathyroid hormone synthesis, secretion and action | hsa04928 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Organismal Systems => Endocrine system | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Degree | 4 | Degree centrality | 4.30E-04 | Betweenness centrality | 4.20E-04 |
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| Closeness centrality | 1.98E-01 | Radiality | 1.34E+01 | Clustering coefficient | 1.67E-01 |
| Neighborhood connectivity | 2.05E+01 | Topological coefficient | 2.67E-01 | Eccentricity | 12 |
| Download | Click to Download the Full PPI Network of This Target | ||||
| Chemical Structure based Activity Landscape of Target | Top |
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| Drug Property Profile of Target | Top | |
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| (1) Molecular Weight (mw) based Drug Clustering | (2) Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (xlogp) based Drug Clustering | |
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| (3) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) based Drug Clustering | (4) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) based Drug Clustering | |
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| (5) Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) based Drug Clustering | (6) Topological Polar Surface Area (polararea) based Drug Clustering | |
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| "RO5" indicates the cutoff set by lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in GREEN denotes the no violation of any cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in PURPLE refers to the violation of only one cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in BLACK represents the violation of more than one cutoffs in lipinski's rule of five | ||
| Co-Targets | Top | |||||
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| Co-Targets | ||||||
| Target Regulators | Top | |||||
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| Target-regulating microRNAs | ||||||
| Target-regulating Transcription Factors | ||||||
| Target-interacting Proteins | ||||||
| Target Profiles in Patients | Top | |||||
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| Target Expression Profile (TEP) | ||||||
| Target Affiliated Biological Pathways | Top | |||||
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| PID Pathway | [+] 1 PID Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | E-cadherin signaling in keratinocytes | |||||
| Reactome | [+] 3 Reactome Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | G alpha (q) signalling events | |||||
| 2 | G alpha (i) signalling events | |||||
| 3 | Class C/3 (Metabotropic glutamate/pheromone receptors) | |||||
| WikiPathways | [+] 4 WikiPathways | + | ||||
| 1 | GPCRs, Class C Metabotropic glutamate, pheromone | |||||
| 2 | Gastrin-CREB signalling pathway via PKC and MAPK | |||||
| 3 | GPCR ligand binding | |||||
| 4 | GPCR downstream signaling | |||||
| Target-Related Models and Studies | Top | |||||
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| Target Validation | ||||||
| References | Top | |||||
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| REF 1 | Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of Amgen (2009). | |||||
| REF 2 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 3308). | |||||
| REF 3 | FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 021688. | |||||
| REF 4 | Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2018 | |||||
| REF 5 | 2017 FDA drug approvals.Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2018 Feb;17(2):81-85. | |||||
| REF 6 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05680818) CALIBRATE: A Phase 3, Randomized, Open-Label Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Encaleret Compared to Standard of Care in Participants With Autosomal Dominant Hypocalcemia Type 1 (ADH1). U.S.National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 7 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02133404) A Study to Evaluate the Effect of ASP7991 in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 8 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00960934) A Dose-Ranging Study of MK-5442 in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis (MK-5442-001). U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 9 | ATF936, a novel oral calcilytic, increases bone mineral density in rats and transiently releases parathyroid hormone in humans. Bone. 2011 Aug;49(2):233-41. | |||||
| REF 10 | AXT914 a novel, orally-active parathyroid hormone-releasing drug in two early studies of healthy volunteers and postmenopausal women. Bone. 2014 Jul;64:204-10. | |||||
| REF 11 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 716). | |||||
| REF 12 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800010915) | |||||
| REF 13 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800023902) | |||||
| REF 14 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 1384). | |||||
| REF 15 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800014988) | |||||
| REF 16 | Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. | |||||
| REF 17 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800035616) | |||||
| REF 18 | Antagonist for calcium-sensing receptor. JTT-305/MK-5442. Clin Calcium. 2011 Jan;21(1):89-93. | |||||
| REF 19 | Calcium-sensing receptor antagonist (calcilytic) NPS 2143 specifically blocks the increased secretion of endogenous Abeta42 prompted by exogenous fibrillary or soluble Abeta25-35 in human cortical astrocytes and neurons-therapeutic relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Oct;1832(10):1634-52. | |||||
| REF 20 | Mixed-effects modeling of the pharmacodynamic response to the calcimimetic agent R-568. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999 Jan;65(1):40-9. | |||||
| REF 21 | Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of GlaxoSmithKline (2009). | |||||
| REF 22 | Discovery of novel 1-arylmethyl pyrrolidin-2-yl ethanol amines as calcium-sensing receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Dec 15;15(24):5478-82. | |||||
| REF 23 | Design, new synthesis, and calcilytic activity of substituted 3H-pyrimidin-4-ones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 May 16;15(10):2537-40. | |||||
| REF 24 | 3H-Quinazolin-4-ones as a new calcilytic template for the potential treatment of osteoporosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Mar 15;15(6):1557-60. | |||||
| REF 25 | N2-benzyl-N1-(1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,2-diamines and conformationally restrained indole analogues: development of calindol as a new calcimimetic acting at the calcium sensing receptor.Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2004 Jun 21;14(12):3345-9. | |||||
| REF 26 | Discovery and structure-activity relationships of 2-benzylpyrrolidine-substituted aryloxypropanols as calcium-sensing receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005 Feb 15;15(4):1225-8. | |||||
| REF 27 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Target id: 54). | |||||
| REF 28 | Asymmetric activation of the calcium-sensing receptor homodimer. Nature. 2021 Jul;595(7867):455-459. | |||||
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