Target Information
| Target General Information | Top | |||||
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| Target ID |
T52522
(Former ID: TTDS00037)
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| Target Name |
Adrenergic receptor beta-2 (ADRB2)
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| Synonyms |
Beta-2 adrenoreceptor; Beta-2 adrenoceptor; Beta-2 adrenergic receptor; B2AR; ADRB2R
Click to Show/Hide
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| Gene Name |
ADRB2
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| Target Type |
Successful target
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[1] | ||||
| Disease | [+] 5 Target-related Diseases | + | ||||
| 1 | Asthma [ICD-11: CA23] | |||||
| 2 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [ICD-11: CA22] | |||||
| 3 | Conduction disorder [ICD-11: BC63] | |||||
| 4 | Preterm labour/delivery [ICD-11: JB00] | |||||
| 5 | Sleep-related breathing disorder [ICD-11: 7A4Z] | |||||
| Function |
The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately 30-fold greater affinity than it does norepinephrine. Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins.
Click to Show/Hide
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| BioChemical Class |
GPCR rhodopsin
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| UniProt ID | ||||||
| Sequence |
MGQPGNGSAFLLAPNGSHAPDHDVTQERDEVWVVGMGIVMSLIVLAIVFGNVLVITAIAK
FERLQTVTNYFITSLACADLVMGLAVVPFGAAHILMKMWTFGNFWCEFWTSIDVLCVTAS IETLCVIAVDRYFAITSPFKYQSLLTKNKARVIILMVWIVSGLTSFLPIQMHWYRATHQE AINCYANETCCDFFTNQAYAIASSIVSFYVPLVIMVFVYSRVFQEAKRQLQKIDKSEGRF HVQNLSQVEQDGRTGHGLRRSSKFCLKEHKALKTLGIIMGTFTLCWLPFFIVNIVHVIQD NLIRKEVYILLNWIGYVNSGFNPLIYCRSPDFRIAFQELLCLRRSSLKAYGNGYSSNGNT GEQSGYHVEQEKENKLLCEDLPGTEDFVGHQGTVPSDNIDSQGRNCSTNDSLL Click to Show/Hide
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| 3D Structure | Click to Show 3D Structure of This Target | PDB | ||||
| ADReCS ID | BADD_A02053 ; BADD_A04210 ; BADD_A06316 | |||||
| HIT2.0 ID | T92UWJ | |||||
| Drugs and Modes of Action | Top | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Approved Drug(s) | [+] 17 Approved Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Arformoterol | Drug Info | Approved | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [5], [6] | |
| 2 | Bambuterol | Drug Info | Approved | Asthma | [7], [8] | |
| 3 | Fenoterol | Drug Info | Approved | Asthma | [9], [10] | |
| 4 | Formoterol | Drug Info | Approved | Asthma | [11], [12] | |
| 5 | GW642444 | Drug Info | Approved | Asthma | [13], [14] | |
| 6 | Indacaterol | Drug Info | Approved | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [15], [16] | |
| 7 | Isoetharine | Drug Info | Approved | Asthma | [17], [18] | |
| 8 | Isoproterenol | Drug Info | Approved | Heart block | [19] | |
| 9 | Levalbuterol | Drug Info | Approved | Asthma | [20], [21] | |
| 10 | Metaproterenol Sulfate | Drug Info | Approved | Asthma | [20], [22], [23] | |
| 11 | Olodaterol | Drug Info | Approved | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [24], [25] | |
| 12 | Pirbuterol | Drug Info | Approved | Asthma | [26], [8] | |
| 13 | Ritodrine | Drug Info | Approved | Premature labour | [27], [28] | |
| 14 | Salbutamol | Drug Info | Approved | Acute asthma | [29], [30] | |
| 15 | Salmeterol | Drug Info | Approved | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [31], [8] | |
| 16 | Terbutaline | Drug Info | Approved | Asthma | [32], [33] | |
| 17 | Vilanterol | Drug Info | Approved | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [20], [34], [35] | |
| Clinical Trial Drug(s) | [+] 14 Clinical Trial Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | GSK642444 | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [37] | |
| 2 | ICI 118,551 | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Gastric adenocarcinoma | [38] | |
| 3 | QVA-149 | Drug Info | Phase 3 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [39] | |
| 4 | BUCINDOLOL | Drug Info | Phase 2/3 | Atrial fibrillation | [40] | |
| 5 | APD-209 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Cachexia | [42] | |
| 6 | AZD-2115 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [43] | |
| 7 | AZD-3199 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Asthma | [44] | |
| 8 | Carmoterol | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [45], [37] | |
| 9 | GSK961081 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [46] | |
| 10 | LAS 100977 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [47] | |
| 11 | R-salbutamol sulphate | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Skin infection | [48] | |
| 12 | THRX-198321 | Drug Info | Phase 2 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [49] | |
| 13 | KUL-7211 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Neurogenic bladder dysfunction | [50] | |
| 14 | L-796568 | Drug Info | Phase 1 | Obesity | [51] | |
| Discontinued Drug(s) | [+] 11 Discontinued Drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Meluadrine | Drug Info | Discontinued in Preregistration | Premature ejaculation | [52] | |
| 2 | Broxaterol | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 3 | Asthma | [53] | |
| 3 | Sibenadet | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 3 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [54] | |
| 4 | GSK-159797 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [6] | |
| 5 | Milveterol | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Asthma | [37] | |
| 6 | Milveterol+Fluticasone | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [56] | |
| 7 | PF-610355 | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [57] | |
| 8 | Picumeterol | Drug Info | Discontinued in Phase 2 | Asthma | [58] | |
| 9 | AR-C-89855 | Drug Info | Terminated | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | [59] | |
| 10 | DPI-201-106 | Drug Info | Terminated | Cardiovascular disease | [60] | |
| 11 | RP-58802B | Drug Info | Terminated | Asthma | [61] | |
| Mode of Action | [+] 4 Modes of Action | + | ||||
| Agonist | [+] 25 Agonist drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Arformoterol | Drug Info | [62], [63] | |||
| 2 | Bambuterol | Drug Info | [64] | |||
| 3 | Fenoterol | Drug Info | [65], [66] | |||
| 4 | Formoterol | Drug Info | [67], [68], [69] | |||
| 5 | GW642444 | Drug Info | [70] | |||
| 6 | Indacaterol | Drug Info | [37], [6] | |||
| 7 | Pirbuterol | Drug Info | [75], [76] | |||
| 8 | Salbutamol | Drug Info | [77] | |||
| 9 | Salmeterol | Drug Info | [78] | |||
| 10 | Terbutaline | Drug Info | [1] | |||
| 11 | GSK642444 | Drug Info | [13], [14], [37] | |||
| 12 | QVA-149 | Drug Info | [37] | |||
| 13 | APD-209 | Drug Info | [83] | |||
| 14 | AZD-2115 | Drug Info | [84] | |||
| 15 | AZD-3199 | Drug Info | [85] | |||
| 16 | Carmoterol | Drug Info | [37] | |||
| 17 | LAS 100977 | Drug Info | [87] | |||
| 18 | R-salbutamol sulphate | Drug Info | [88] | |||
| 19 | GSK-159797 | Drug Info | [6] | |||
| 20 | Milveterol | Drug Info | [70] | |||
| 21 | Milveterol+Fluticasone | Drug Info | [37] | |||
| 22 | PF-610355 | Drug Info | [96] | |||
| 23 | Picumeterol | Drug Info | [97] | |||
| 24 | AR-C-89855 | Drug Info | [98] | |||
| 25 | D 2343 | Drug Info | [106] | |||
| Modulator | [+] 14 Modulator drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Isoetharine | Drug Info | [71] | |||
| 2 | Isoproterenol | Drug Info | [72], [71] | |||
| 3 | Metaproterenol Sulfate | Drug Info | [74], [71] | |||
| 4 | Olodaterol | Drug Info | [25] | |||
| 5 | Ritodrine | Drug Info | [71] | |||
| 6 | Vilanterol | Drug Info | [34] | |||
| 7 | BUCINDOLOL | Drug Info | [80], [81], [82] | |||
| 8 | GSK961081 | Drug Info | [86] | |||
| 9 | THRX-198321 | Drug Info | [89] | |||
| 10 | KUL-7211 | Drug Info | [90], [91] | |||
| 11 | Meluadrine | Drug Info | [93] | |||
| 12 | Broxaterol | Drug Info | [94] | |||
| 13 | Sibenadet | Drug Info | [95] | |||
| 14 | RP-58802B | Drug Info | [101] | |||
| Antagonist | [+] 3 Antagonist drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | Levalbuterol | Drug Info | [73] | |||
| 2 | ICI 118,551 | Drug Info | [79] | |||
| 3 | Butoxamine | Drug Info | [105] | |||
| Inhibitor | [+] 11 Inhibitor drugs | + | ||||
| 1 | L-796568 | Drug Info | [92] | |||
| 2 | DPI-201-106 | Drug Info | [99] | |||
| 3 | L-755507 | Drug Info | [100] | |||
| 4 | (R,R)-(-)-fenoterol | Drug Info | [102] | |||
| 5 | (R,S)-(-)-fenoterol | Drug Info | [102] | |||
| 6 | (S,R)-(+)-fenoterol | Drug Info | [102] | |||
| 7 | 1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-morpholinopropan-2-ol | Drug Info | [103] | |||
| 8 | 1-(2-isopropylphenoxy)-3-morpholinopropan-2-ol | Drug Info | [103] | |||
| 9 | 2-fluoronorepinehprine | Drug Info | [104] | |||
| 10 | GNF-PF-1694 | Drug Info | [99] | |||
| 11 | [3H]CGP12177 | Drug Info | [100] | |||
| Cell-based Target Expression Variations | Top | |||||
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| Cell-based Target Expression Variations | ||||||
| Drug Binding Sites of Target | Top | |||||
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| Ligand Name: Salbutamol | Ligand Info | |||||
| Structure Description | Cryo-EM structure of the partial agonist salbutamol-bound beta2 adrenergic receptor-Gs protein complex. | PDB:7DHI | ||||
| Method | Electron microscopy | Resolution | 3.26 Å | Mutation | Yes | [107] |
| PDB Sequence |
EVWVVGMGIV
39 MSLIVLAIVF49 GNVLVITAIA59 KFERLQTVTN69 YFITSLAVAD79 LVMGLAVVPF 89 GAAHILTKTW99 TFGNFWCEFW109 TSIDVLCVTA119 SIWTLVVIAV129 DRYFAITSPF 139 KYQSLLTKNK149 ARVIILMVWI159 VSGLTSFLPI169 QMHWYRATHQ179 EAINCYAEET 189 CCDFFTNQAY199 AIASSIVSFY209 VPLVIMVFVY219 SRVFQEAKRQ229 LQKIDKSEGR 239 FHVALKEHKA271 LKTLGIIMGT281 FTLAWLPFFI291 VNIVHVIQDN301 LIRKEVYILL 311 NWIGYVNSGF321 NPLIYSRSPD331 FRIAFQELLC341
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| Ligand Name: Isoproterenol | Ligand Info | |||||
| Structure Description | Cryo-EM structure of the full agonist isoprenaline-bound beta2 adrenergic receptor-Gs protein complex. | PDB:7DHR | ||||
| Method | Electron microscopy | Resolution | 3.80 Å | Mutation | Yes | [107] |
| PDB Sequence |
EVWVVGMGIV
39 MSLIVLAIVF49 GNVLVITAIA59 KFERLQTVTN69 YFITSLAVAD79 LVMGLAVVPF 89 GAAHILTKTW99 TFGNFWCEFW109 TSIDVLCVTA119 SIWTLVVIAV129 DRYFAITSPF 139 KYQSLLTKNK149 ARVIILMVWI159 VSGLTSFLPI169 QMHWYRAHQE180 AINCYAEETC 190 CDFFTNQAYA200 IASSIVSFYV210 PLVIMVFVYS220 RVFQEAKRQL230 QKIDKSEGRF 240 LKEHKALKTL275 GIIMGTFTLA285 WLPFFIVNIV295 HVIQDNLIRK305 EVYILLNWIG 315 YVNSGFNPLI325 YSRSPDFRIA335 FQEL
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| Click to View More Binding Site Information of This Target with Different Ligands | ||||||
| Different Human System Profiles of Target | Top |
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Human Similarity Proteins
of target is determined by comparing the sequence similarity of all human proteins with the target based on BLAST. The similarity proteins for a target are defined as the proteins with E-value < 0.005 and outside the protein families of the target.
A target that has fewer human similarity proteins outside its family is commonly regarded to possess a greater capacity to avoid undesired interactions and thus increase the possibility of finding successful drugs
(Brief Bioinform, 21: 649-662, 2020).
Human Pathway Affiliation
of target is determined by the life-essential pathways provided on KEGG database. The target-affiliated pathways were defined based on the following two criteria (a) the pathways of the studied target should be life-essential for both healthy individuals and patients, and (b) the studied target should occupy an upstream position in the pathways and therefore had the ability to regulate biological function.
Targets involved in a fewer pathways have greater likelihood to be successfully developed, while those associated with more human pathways increase the chance of undesirable interferences with other human processes
(Pharmacol Rev, 58: 259-279, 2006).
Biological Network Descriptors
of target is determined based on a human protein-protein interactions (PPI) network consisting of 9,309 proteins and 52,713 PPIs, which were with a high confidence score of ≥ 0.95 collected from STRING database.
The network properties of targets based on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been widely adopted for the assessment of target’s druggability. Proteins with high node degree tend to have a high impact on network function through multiple interactions, while proteins with high betweenness centrality are regarded to be central for communication in interaction networks and regulate the flow of signaling information
(Front Pharmacol, 9, 1245, 2018;
Curr Opin Struct Biol. 44:134-142, 2017).
Human Similarity Proteins
Human Pathway Affiliation
Biological Network Descriptors
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| KEGG Pathway | Pathway ID | Affiliated Target | Pathway Map |
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| Calcium signaling pathway | hsa04020 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Environmental Information Processing => Signal transduction | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| cGMP-PKG signaling pathway | hsa04022 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Environmental Information Processing => Signal transduction | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| cAMP signaling pathway | hsa04024 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Environmental Information Processing => Signal transduction | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction | hsa04080 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Environmental Information Processing => Signaling molecules and interaction | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes | hsa04261 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Organismal Systems => Circulatory system | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes | hsa04923 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Organismal Systems => Endocrine system | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Renin secretion | hsa04924 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Organismal Systems => Endocrine system | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Salivary secretion | hsa04970 | Affiliated Target |
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| Class: Organismal Systems => Digestive system | Pathway Hierarchy | ||
| Click to Show/Hide the Information of Affiliated Human Pathways | |||
| Degree | 19 | Degree centrality | 2.04E-03 | Betweenness centrality | 3.33E-03 |
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| Closeness centrality | 2.40E-01 | Radiality | 1.42E+01 | Clustering coefficient | 9.36E-02 |
| Neighborhood connectivity | 3.48E+01 | Topological coefficient | 7.27E-02 | Eccentricity | 12 |
| Download | Click to Download the Full PPI Network of This Target | ||||
| Chemical Structure based Activity Landscape of Target | Top |
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| Drug Property Profile of Target | Top | |
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| (1) Molecular Weight (mw) based Drug Clustering | (2) Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (xlogp) based Drug Clustering | |
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| (3) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) based Drug Clustering | (4) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) based Drug Clustering | |
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| (5) Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) based Drug Clustering | (6) Topological Polar Surface Area (polararea) based Drug Clustering | |
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| "RO5" indicates the cutoff set by lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in GREEN denotes the no violation of any cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in PURPLE refers to the violation of only one cutoff in lipinski's rule of five; "D123AB" colored in BLACK represents the violation of more than one cutoffs in lipinski's rule of five | ||
| Co-Targets | Top | |||||
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| Co-Targets | ||||||
| Target Poor or Non Binders | Top | |||||
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| Target Poor or Non Binders | ||||||
| Target Regulators | Top | |||||
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| Target-interacting Proteins | ||||||
| Target Profiles in Patients | Top | |||||
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| Target Expression Profile (TEP) | ||||||
| Target Affiliated Biological Pathways | Top | |||||
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| KEGG Pathway | [+] 7 KEGG Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | Calcium signaling pathway | |||||
| 2 | cGMP-PKG signaling pathway | |||||
| 3 | cAMP signaling pathway | |||||
| 4 | Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction | |||||
| 5 | Endocytosis | |||||
| 6 | Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes | |||||
| 7 | Salivary secretion | |||||
| NetPath Pathway | [+] 1 NetPath Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | TCR Signaling Pathway | |||||
| Panther Pathway | [+] 2 Panther Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | Heterotrimeric G-protein signaling pathway-Gi alpha and Gs alpha mediated pathway | |||||
| 2 | Beta2 adrenergic receptor signaling pathway | |||||
| PID Pathway | [+] 2 PID Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | Arf6 trafficking events | |||||
| 2 | Arf6 signaling events | |||||
| Reactome | [+] 2 Reactome Pathways | + | ||||
| 1 | Adrenoceptors | |||||
| 2 | G alpha (s) signalling events | |||||
| WikiPathways | [+] 7 WikiPathways | + | ||||
| 1 | Monoamine GPCRs | |||||
| 2 | Calcium Regulation in the Cardiac Cell | |||||
| 3 | GPCRs, Class A Rhodopsin-like | |||||
| 4 | Vitamin D Receptor Pathway | |||||
| 5 | GPCR ligand binding | |||||
| 6 | GPCR downstream signaling | |||||
| 7 | GPCRs, Other | |||||
| Target-Related Models and Studies | Top | |||||
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| Target Validation | ||||||
| References | Top | |||||
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| REF 1 | Evaluation of a new oral beta2-adrenoceptor stimulant bronchodilator, terbutaline. Pharmacology. 1975;13(3):201-11. | |||||
| REF 2 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 3464). | |||||
| REF 3 | Drug information of Procaterol, 2008. eduDrugs. | |||||
| REF 4 | Drug information of Clenbuterol, 2008. eduDrugs. | |||||
| REF 5 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7479). | |||||
| REF 6 | Emerging drugs for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2006 May;11(2):275-91. | |||||
| REF 7 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6601). | |||||
| REF 8 | Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77. | |||||
| REF 9 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 557). | |||||
| REF 10 | Acute clenbuterol overdose resulting in supraventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation. J Med Toxicol. 2007 Jun;3(2):56-60. | |||||
| REF 11 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 3465). | |||||
| REF 12 | Long duration of airway but not systemic effects of inhaled formoterol in asthmatic patients. Respir Med. 2008 Mar;102(3):449-56. | |||||
| REF 13 | Radium 223 dichloride for prostate cancer treatment. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017 Sep 6;11:2643-2651. | |||||
| REF 14 | Vilanterol trifenatate, a novel inhaled long-acting beta2 adrenoceptor agonist, is well tolerated in healthy subjects and demonstrates prolonged bronchodilation in subjects with asthma and COPD. PulmPharmacol Ther. 2013 Apr;26(2):256-64. | |||||
| REF 15 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7455). | |||||
| REF 16 | 2011 FDA drug approvals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2012 Feb 1;11(2):91-4. | |||||
| REF 17 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7205). | |||||
| REF 18 | FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 086711. | |||||
| REF 19 | FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 083346. | |||||
| REF 20 | Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015 | |||||
| REF 21 | Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800005434) | |||||
| REF 22 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7250). | |||||
| REF 23 | Drug information of Orciprenaline, 2008. eduDrugs. | |||||
| REF 24 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7543). | |||||
| REF 25 | 2014 FDA drug approvals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2015 Feb;14(2):77-81. | |||||
| REF 26 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7272). | |||||
| REF 27 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7294). | |||||
| REF 28 | FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 071438. | |||||
| REF 29 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 558). | |||||
| REF 30 | Emerging therapies for treatment of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2007 Sep;12(3):461-77. | |||||
| REF 31 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 559). | |||||
| REF 32 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 560). | |||||
| REF 33 | FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 075877. | |||||
| REF 34 | URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7353). | |||||
| REF 35 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01936649) Open-label, Test-retest Study Assessing Reproducibility of Quantitative Measurements of Myocardial Uptake of AdreView.. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 36 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02343458) Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of PT003, PT005, and PT001 in Subjects With Moderate to Very Severe COPD. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 37 | Emerging drugs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2009 Mar;14(1):181-94. | |||||
| REF 38 | Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) | |||||
| REF 39 | Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of Novartis. | |||||
| REF 40 | Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) | |||||
| REF 41 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00683449) Study Evaluating the Safety and Effects of MN-221 in Subjects Experiencing an Acute Exacerbation of Asthma. U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
| REF 42 | ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01977443) Therapeutic Efficacy of APD-209 Eye Drops in Treatment of Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis (EKC). U.S. National Institutes of Health. | |||||
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