Target Regulator(s) Information (Transcription Factor)

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Target General Information
The Transcription Factors (TFs) Regulating This Target
References
Target General Information  Top
Target ID T32282 Target Info
Target Name Prolactin (PRL)
Synonyms GHA1
Target Type Discontinued Target
Gene Name PRL
Biochemical Class Somatotropin/prolactin
UniProt ID
PRL_HUMAN
The Transcription Factors (TFs) Regulating This Target  Top
TF Name Growth hormone factor 1 (PIT1)
Classification Superclass Helix-turn-helix
Class Homeo domain
Family POU domain factors
Subfamily I
Regulation Type Increase
Regulation Mechanism That Pit1 plays an important role was supported further by the finding that the hPRL proximal region conferred cAMP regulation when linked to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter only in pituitary GC cells and not in other heterologous cells, which do not express Pit1. [1]
Evidence Score (E-score) 3 +
1 DNase I Footprint Analysis, Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay [5]
2 Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay, Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Assay [1]
3 Luciferase Reporter Assay, Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay [4]
UniProt ID
PIT1_HUMAN
Sequence
MSCQAFTSADTFIPLNSDASATLPLIMHHSAAECLPVSNHATNVMSTATGLHYSVPSCHY
GNQPSTYGVMAGSLTPCLYKFPDHTLSHGFPPIHQPLLAEDPTAADFKQELRRKSKLVEE
PIDMDSPEIRELEKFANEFKVRRIKLGYTQTNVGEALAAVHGSEFSQTTICRFENLQLSF
KNACKLKAILSKWLEEAEQVGALYNEKVGANERKRKRRTTISIAAKDALERHFGEQNKPS
SQEIMRMAEELNLEKEVVRVWFCNRRQREKRVKTSLNQSLFSISKEHLECR
The Genes (Co-regulated by This TF) Grouped Based on Their Biochemical Classes
Somatotropin / Prolactins [+] 2 Somatotropin / Prolactins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Prolactin (PRL) Discontinued Target Target Info [1]
2 Somatotropin (GH1) Clinical trial Target Target Info [6]
TF Name c-Jun/c-Fos (AP-1) heterodimer
Classification Superclass Basic Domains
Class Leucine zipper factors (bZIP)
Family AP-1(-like) components
Regulation Type Increase
Regulation Mechanism An AP-1 response element located at positions -61 to -54 of the proximal promoter, conferring AP-1 stimulation to the hPRL promoter. [2]
Evidence Score (E-score) 1 +
1 Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Assay, Luciferase Reporter Assay, Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay [2]
UniProt ID
JUN_HUMAN/FOS_HUMAN
Sequence
MTAKMETTFYDDALNASFLPSESGPYGYSNPKILKQSMTLNLADPVGSLKPHLRAKNSDL
LTSPDVGLLKLASPELERLIIQSSNGHITTTPTPTQFLCPKNVTDEQEGFAEGFVRALAE
LHSQNTLPSVTSAAQPVNGAGMVAPAVASVAGGSGSGGFSASLHSEPPVYANLSNFNPGA
LSSGGGAPSYGAAGLAFPAQPQQQQQPPHHLPQQMPVQHPRLQALKEEPQTVPEMPGETP
PLSPIDMESQERIKAERKRMRNRIAASKCRKRKLERIARLEEKVKTLKAQNSELASTANM
LREQVAQLKQKVMNHVNSGCQLMLTQQLQTF
The Genes (Co-regulated by This TF) Grouped Based on Their Biochemical Classes
Acyltransferases [+] 1 Acyltransferases Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Glutathione S-transferase P (GSTP1) Clinical trial Target Target Info [7]
Cytokines / Cytokine receptors [+] 1 Cytokines / Cytokine receptors Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Interferon-gamma (IFNG) Successful Target Target Info [8]
Endothelins/sarafotoxins [+] 1 Endothelins/sarafotoxins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Endothelin-1 (EDN1) Literature-reported Target Target Info [9]
G protein-coupled receptors [+] 1 G protein-coupled receptors Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GNRHR) Successful Target Target Info [10]
Glucagons [+] 1 Glucagons Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) Literature-reported Target Target Info [11]
Hormones [+] 1 Hormones Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Corticoliberin (CRH) Literature-reported Target Target Info [12]
Integrins [+] 1 Integrins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Integrin alpha-2 (ITGA2) Clinical trial Target Target Info [13]
Oxidoreductases [+] 1 Oxidoreductases Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Quinone reductase 1 (NQO1) Clinical trial Target Target Info [14]
Peptidases [+] 1 Peptidases Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (PLAU) Successful Target Target Info [15]
Somatotropin / Prolactins [+] 1 Somatotropin / Prolactins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Prolactin (PRL) Discontinued Target Target Info [2]
Transcription factors [+] 2 Transcription factors Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53) Clinical trial Target Target Info [16]
2 Transcription factor AP-1 (JUN) Discontinued Target Target Info [17]
TF Name C/EBP alpha (CEBPA) homodimer
Classification Superclass Basic Domains
Class Leucine zipper factors (bZIP)
Family C/EBP-like factors
Regulation Type Increase
Regulation Mechanism C/EBPs serve as mediators in the delayed cAMP signal transduction to the dPRL promoter. [3]
Evidence Score (E-score) 1 +
1 Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay [3]
UniProt ID
CEBPA_HUMAN
Sequence
MESADFYEAEPRPPMSSHLQSPPHAPSSAAFGFPRGAGPAQPPAPPAAPEPLGGICEHET
SIDISAYIDPAAFNDEFLADLFQHSRQQEKAKAAVGPTGGGGGGDFDYPGAPAGPGGAVM
PGGAHGPPPGYGCAAAGYLDGRLEPLYERVGAPALRPLVIKQEPREEDEAKQLALAGLFP
YQPPPPPPPSHPHPHPPPAHLAAPHLQFQIAHCGQTTMHLQPGHPTPPPTPVPSPHPAPA
LGAAGLPGPGSALKGLGAAHPDLRASGGSGAGKAKKSVDKNSNEYRVRRERNNIAVRKSR
DKAKQRNVETQQKVLELTSDNDRLRKRVEQLSRELDTLRGIFRQLPESSLVKAMGNCA
The Genes (Co-regulated by This TF) Grouped Based on Their Biochemical Classes
Apolipoproteins [+] 3 Apolipoproteins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Apolipoprotein A-II (APOA2) Literature-reported Target Target Info [18]
2 Apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB) Clinical trial Target Target Info [19]
3 Apolipoprotein E (APOE) Clinical trial Target Target Info [20]
Calcium-binding proteins [+] 1 Calcium-binding proteins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Calgranulin B (S100A9) Clinical trial Target Target Info [21]
Coagulation factors [+] 1 Coagulation factors Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Coagulation factor VIII (F8) Successful Target Target Info [22]
Cytokines / Cytokine receptors [+] 1 Cytokines / Cytokine receptors Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSF-R) Successful Target Target Info [23]
Glycoproteins [+] 1 Glycoproteins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) Clinical trial Target Target Info [24]
Integrins [+] 1 Integrins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Integrin alpha-2 (ITGA2) Clinical trial Target Target Info [25]
Lipoprotein receptors [+] 1 Lipoprotein receptors Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) Successful Target Target Info [26]
Oxidoreductases [+] 1 Oxidoreductases Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Entamoeba Alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (Entamo ADH2) Literature-reported Target Target Info [27]
Peptidases [+] 1 Peptidases Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Coagulation factor IX (F9) Successful Target Target Info [28]
Somatotropin / Prolactins [+] 1 Somatotropin / Prolactins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Prolactin (PRL) Discontinued Target Target Info [3]
Transferrins [+] 1 Transferrins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Transferrin (TF) Clinical trial Target Target Info [29]
TF Name C/EBP beta (CEBPB) homodimer
Classification Superclass Basic Domains
Class Leucine zipper factors (bZIP)
Family C/EBP-like factors
Regulation Type Increase
Regulation Mechanism C/EBPs serve as mediators in the delayed cAMP signal transduction to the dPRL promoter. [3]
Evidence Score (E-score) 1 +
1 Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay [3]
UniProt ID
CEBPB_HUMAN
Sequence
MQRLVAWDPACLPLPPPPPAFKSMEVANFYYEADCLAAAYGGKAAPAAPPAARPGPRPPA
GELGSIGDHERAIDFSPYLEPLGAPQAPAPATATDTFEAAPPAPAPAPASSGQHHDFLSD
LFSDDYGGKNCKKPAEYGYVSLGRLGAAKGALHPGCFAPLHPPPPPPPPPAELKAEPGFE
PADCKRKEEAGAPGGGAGMAAGFPYALRAYLGYQAVPSGSSGSLSTSSSSSPPGTPSPAD
AKAPPTACYAGAAPAPSQVKSKAKKTVDKHSDEYKIRRERNNIAVRKSRDKAKMRNLETQ
HKVLELTAENERLQKKVEQLSRELSTLRNLFKQLPEPLLASSGHC
The Genes (Co-regulated by This TF) Grouped Based on Their Biochemical Classes
Apolipoproteins [+] 1 Apolipoproteins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB) Clinical trial Target Target Info [19]
Calcium-binding proteins [+] 1 Calcium-binding proteins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Calgranulin B (S100A9) Clinical trial Target Target Info [21]
Coagulation factors [+] 1 Coagulation factors Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Coagulation factor VIII (F8) Successful Target Target Info [30]
Cytokines / Cytokine receptors [+] 1 Cytokines / Cytokine receptors Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Interleukin-1 beta (IL1B) Successful Target Target Info [31]
Immunoglobulins [+] 1 Immunoglobulins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1 (ICAM1) Successful Target Target Info [32]
Integrins [+] 1 Integrins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Integrin alpha-2 (ITGA2) Clinical trial Target Target Info [25]
Isomerases [+] 1 Isomerases Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Leishmania DNA topoisomerase I (Leishm TOP1) Clinical trial Target Target Info [33]
Lipoprotein receptors [+] 1 Lipoprotein receptors Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) Successful Target Target Info [26]
Oxidoreductases [+] 1 Oxidoreductases Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Aromatase (CYP19A1) Successful Target Target Info [34]
Pentraxins [+] 1 Pentraxins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 CRP messenger RNA (CRP mRNA) Clinical trial Target Target Info [35]
Somatotropin / Prolactins [+] 1 Somatotropin / Prolactins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Prolactin (PRL) Discontinued Target Target Info [3]
TF Name C/EBP delta (CEBPD) homodimer
Classification Superclass Basic Domains
Class Leucine zipper factors (bZIP)
Family C/EBP-like factors
Regulation Type Increase
Regulation Mechanism C/EBPs serve as mediators in the delayed cAMP signal transduction to the dPRL promoter. [3]
Evidence Score (E-score) 1 +
1 Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay [3]
UniProt ID
CEBPD_HUMAN
Sequence
MSAALFSLDGPARGAPWPAEPAPFYEPGRAGKPGRGAEPGALGEPGAAAPAMYDDESAID
FSAYIDSMAAVPTLELCHDELFADLFNSNHKAGGAGPLELLPGGPARPLGPGPAAPRLLK
REPDWGDGDAPGSLLPAQVAACAQTVVSLAAAGQPTPPTSPEPPRSSPRQTPAPGPAREK
SAGKRGPDRGSPEYRQRRERNNIAVRKSRDKAKRRNQEMQQKLVELSAENEKLHQRVEQL
TRDLAGLRQFFKQLPSPPFLPAAGTADCR
The Genes (Co-regulated by This TF) Grouped Based on Their Biochemical Classes
Apolipoproteins [+] 1 Apolipoproteins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB) Clinical trial Target Target Info [36]
Lipoprotein receptors [+] 1 Lipoprotein receptors Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) Successful Target Target Info [26]
Pentraxins [+] 1 Pentraxins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 CRP messenger RNA (CRP mRNA) Clinical trial Target Target Info [37]
Serpin proteins [+] 1 Serpin proteins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Angiotensinogen (AGT) Literature-reported Target Target Info [38]
Somatotropin / Prolactins [+] 1 Somatotropin / Prolactins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Prolactin (PRL) Discontinued Target Target Info [3]
Transferrins [+] 1 Transferrins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Transferrin (TF) Clinical trial Target Target Info [29]
TF Name Jun-D/c-Fos (AP-1) heterodimer
Classification Superclass Basic Domains
Class Leucine zipper factors (bZIP)
Family AP-1(-like) components
Regulation Type Increase
Regulation Mechanism Transcription factorAP-1is involved in basal and okadaic acid-stimulated activity of the humanPRLpromoter. [4]
Evidence Score (E-score) 1 +
1 Luciferase Reporter Assay, Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay [4]
UniProt ID
JUND_HUMAN/FOS_HUMAN
Sequence
METPFYGDEALSGLGGGASGSGGSFASPGRLFPGAPPTAAAGSMMKKDALTLSLSEQVAA
ALKPAAAPPPTPLRADGAPSAAPPDGLLASPDLGLLKLASPELERLIIQSNGLVTTTPTS
SQFLYPKVAASEEQEFAEGFVKALEDLHKQNQLGAGAAAAAAAAAAGGPSGTATGSAPPG
ELAPAAAAPEAPVYANLSSYAGGAGGAGGAATVAFAAEPVPFPPPPPPGALGPPRLAALK
DEPQTVPDVPSFGESPPLSPIDMDTQERIKAERKRLRNRIAASKCRKRKLERISRLEEKV
KTLKSQNTELASTASLLREQVAQLKQKVLSHVNSGCQLLPQHQVPAY
The Genes (Co-regulated by This TF) Grouped Based on Their Biochemical Classes
Oxidoreductases [+] 1 Oxidoreductases Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Quinone reductase 1 (NQO1) Clinical trial Target Target Info [39]
Somatotropin / Prolactins [+] 1 Somatotropin / Prolactins Co-regulated By This TF +
1 Prolactin (PRL) Discontinued Target Target Info [4]
References  Top
REF 1 Transcriptional induction of the human prolactin gene by cAMP requires two cis-acting elements and at least the pituitary-specific factor Pit-1. J Biol Chem. 1991 Sep 25;266(27):18127-34.
REF 2 Thyroid hormone inhibits the human prolactin gene promoter by interfering with activating protein-1 and estrogen stimulations. Mol Endocrinol. 1997 Jun;11(7):986-96.
REF 3 CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins are mediators in the protein kinase A-dependent activation of the decidual prolactin promoter. J Biol Chem. 1999 Aug 27;274(35):24808-18.
REF 4 Transcription factor AP1 is involved in basal and okadaic acid-stimulated activity of the human PRL promoter. Mol Endocrinol. 1998 Aug;12(8):1215-27.
REF 5 Pituitary-specific factor binding to the human prolactin, growth hormone, and placental lactogen genes. DNA. 1989 Apr;8(3):149-59.
REF 6 Dissection of functional domains of the pituitary-specific transcription factor GHF-1. Nature. 1989 Dec 21-28;342(6252):945-8.
REF 7 Involvement of Jun and Fos proteins in regulating transcriptional activation of the human pi class glutathione S-transferase gene in multidrug-resi... J Biol Chem. 1994 Jun 10;269(23):16397-402.
REF 8 Negative transcriptional regulation of the interferon-gamma promoter by glucocorticoids and dominant negative mutants of c-Jun. J Biol Chem. 1995 May 26;270(21):12548-56.
REF 9 Molecular regulation of the endothelin-1 gene by hypoxia. Contributions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1, activator protein-1, GATA-2, AND p300/CBP. J Biol Chem. 2001 Apr 20;276(16):12645-53.
REF 10 Functional mapping of a placenta-specific upstream promoter for human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene. Endocrinology. 2001 Apr;142(4):1506-16.
REF 11 Cyclic AMP- and phorbol ester-induced transcriptional activation are mediated by the same enhancer element in the human vasoactive intestinal peptide gene. J Biol Chem. 1991 Feb 25;266(6):3882-7.
REF 12 Composite glucocorticoid regulation at a functionally defined negative glucocorticoid response element of the human corticotropin-releasing hormone gene. Mol Endocrinol. 1999 Oct;13(10):1629-44.
REF 13 The Megakaryocyte/Platelet-specific enhancer of the alpha2beta1 integrin gene: two tandem AP1 sites and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal... Blood. 1999 Mar 1;93(5):1600-11.
REF 14 Human antioxidant-response-element-mediated regulation of type 1 NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase gene expression. Effect of sulfhydryl modifying age... Eur J Biochem. 1994 Nov 15;226(1):31-9.
REF 15 Role of distinct mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and cooperation between Ets-2, ATF-2, and Jun family members in human urokinase-type plasminogen activator gene induction by interleukin-1 and tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate. Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Sep;19(9):6240-52.
REF 16 Expression of human p53 requires synergistic activation of transcription from the p53 promoter by AP-1, NF-kappaB and Myc/Max. Oncogene. 1999 Apr 29;18(17):2728-38.
REF 17 The jun proto-oncogene is positively autoregulated by its product, Jun/AP-1. Cell. 1988 Dec 2;55(5):875-85.
REF 18 Regulation of the human ApoA-II gene by the synergistic action of factors binding to the proximal and distal regulatory elements. J Biol Chem. 1991 Dec 25;266(36):24460-70.
REF 19 Identification and characterization of a 315-base pair enhancer, located more than 55 kilobases 5' of the apolipoprotein B gene, that confers expression in the intestine. J Biol Chem. 2000 Aug 25;275(34):26637-48.
REF 20 Structure of the hepatic control region of the human apolipoprotein E/C-I gene locus. J Biol Chem. 1995 Sep 22;270(38):22577-85.
REF 21 Transcriptional regulation by C/EBP alpha and -beta in the expression of the gene for the MRP14 myeloid calcium binding protein. Cell Struct Funct. 1998 Jun;23(3):109-18.
REF 22 Role of the liver-enriched transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 in transcriptional regulation of the factor V111 gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 May;16(5):1936-45.
REF 23 PU.1 (Spi-1) and C/EBP alpha regulate the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor promoter in myeloid cells. Blood. 1996 Aug 15;88(4):1234-47.
REF 24 The CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein trans-activates the human cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene promoter. J Biol Chem. 1992 Nov 5;267(31):22336-9.
REF 25 The alpha2 and alpha5 integrin genes: identification of transcription factors that regulate promoter activity in epidermal keratinocytes. FEBS Lett. 2000 Jun 2;474(2-3):201-7.
REF 26 Identification of a novel sterol-independent regulatory element in the human low density lipoprotein receptor promoter. J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 18;275(7):5214-21.
REF 27 The role of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein in the differential transcriptional regulation of a family of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase genes. J Biol Chem. 1991 Jun 25;266(18):11594-603.
REF 28 Binding of the Ets factor GA-binding protein to an upstream site in the factor IX promoter is a critical event in transactivation. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 May;16(5):1929-35.
REF 29 A different combination of transcription factors modulates the expression of the human transferrin promoter in liver and Sertoli cells. J Biol Chem. 1993 Nov 5;268(31):23399-408.
REF 30 cis-acting elements and transcription factors involved in the promoter activity of the human factor VIII gene. J Biol Chem. 1995 May 19;270(20):11828-38.
REF 31 Human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax transactivates the promoter of human prointerleukin-1beta gene through association with two transcription factors, nuclear factor-interleukin-6 and Spi-1. Blood. 1997 Oct 15;90(8):3142-53.
REF 32 Regulatory elements and transcription factors controlling basal and cytokine-induced expression of the gene encoding intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Nov 22;91(24):11641-5.
REF 33 The human topoisomerase I gene promoter is regulated by NF-IL6. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Dec;15(12):6623-31.
REF 34 Identification of a transcriptional regulatory factor for human aromatase cytochrome P450 gene expression as nuclear factor interleukin-6 (NF-IL6), a member of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein family. Eur J Biochem. 1995 Jul 15;231(2):292-9.
REF 35 Constitutive and IL-6-induced nuclear factors that interact with the human C-reactive protein promoter. EMBO J. 1990 Feb;9(2):457-65.
REF 36 Members of the caudal family of homeodomain proteins repress transcription from the human apolipoprotein B promoter in intestinal cells. J Biol Chem. 1996 Jan 12;271(2):707-18.
REF 37 The two C/EBP isoforms, IL-6DBP/NF-IL6 and C/EBP delta/NF-IL6 beta, are induced by IL-6 to promote acute phase gene transcription via different mechanisms. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993 Jan 25;21(2):289-94.
REF 38 DBP binds to the proximal promoter and regulates liver-specific expression of the human angiotensinogen gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Oct 9;251(1):388-93.
REF 39 ARE- and TRE-mediated regulation of gene expression. Response to xenobiotics and antioxidants. J Biol Chem. 1995 Mar 24;270(12):6894-900.

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